Bidirectional peritoneal transport of immunoglobulin in rats: tissue concentration profiles

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (1) ◽  
pp. F15-F23 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Flessner ◽  
R. L. Dedrick ◽  
J. C. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Capillary Density ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Hypertonic Solution ◽  
Heterogeneous Structure ◽  
Concentration Profiles

Protein transport occurs between the blood and the peritoneal cavity during clinical procedures, but events within the surrounding tissue space are poorly understood. We used quantitative autoradiography to examine the tissue concentration profiles of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in regions surrounding the peritoneal cavity. We have varied the route of administration (intravenous or intraperitoneal), the osmolality of the dialysis solution (isotonic or hypertonic), and the time of analysis (20 or 200 min). After intravenous injection, IgG profiles were relatively flat in most tissues and were not affected by time or osmolality. Concentrations corresponded to the capillary density in specific tissues. After intraperitoneal administration, the IgG tissue profiles were significantly steeper than after intravenous administration. The tissue concentrations increased with time but decreased when a hypertonic solution was substituted for an isotonic solution. Hypertonic dialysis causes a water flux into the cavity, which dilutes the contents but does not prevent penetration of protein into the surrounding tissue. Based on IgG movement in tissue during hypertonic dialysis, the peritoneum appears to function as a heterogeneous structure, which allows osmotically induced water transport into the cavity in some regions with simultaneous transport of hydrostatic pressure-driven water and solute flow from the cavity into the tissue in other regions.

Bidirectional peritoneal transport of immunoglobulin in rats: compartmental kinetics

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (2) ◽  
pp. F275-F287 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Flessner ◽  
R. L. Dedrick ◽  
J. C. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Lymphatic Transport ◽  
Protein Loss ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Peritoneal Tissue ◽  
High Concentrations

Protein transport to and from fluid in the peritoneal cavity is observed during clinical procedures. Dialysate osmolality is a major determinant of net fluid flux into the cavity. We carried out experiments in rats to determine the plasma, peritoneal, and tissue concentrations of immunoglobulin (Ig) G resulting from either intravenous (iv) or intraperitoneal (ip) administration during hypertonic or isotonic dialyses. After iv injection of IgG, overall mass transfer into the cavity was not affected by the osmolality. After ip injection, tissue concentrations were dependent on the dialysis duration. Protein absorption from the hypertonic dialysate into the surrounding tissue was quantitatively less than the absorption from an isotonic dialysis solution at 20 min. By 200 min, total protein transport was not affected by dialysate osmolality. Lymphatic transport to the plasma amounted to 20–25% of the total protein loss from the peritoneal cavity; approximately 60% of the absorbed dose was found in tissues surrounding the cavity at both 20 and 200 min, with particularly high concentrations in parietal areas. We conclude that immunoglobulin transport in the peritoneal tissue, resulting from either iv or ip injection, is influenced by route of administration but is little affected by dialysate osmolality. Peritoneal absorption of proteins occurs directly into the surrounding tissue interstitial space as a result of hydrostatic pressure-driven convection and diffusion.

scholarly journals Hyaluronan decreases peritoneal fluid absorption in peritoneal dialysis.

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1915-1920
Author(s):  
T Wang ◽  
C Chen ◽  
O Heimbürger ◽  
J Waniewski ◽  
J Bergström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Peritoneal Fluid ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fluid Absorption ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Fluid Removal ◽  
Dialysis Solution

Hyaluronan, exhibiting a high resistance against water flow, acts in the tissue as a barrier against rapid changes in water content. To test whether hyaluronan has any effect on the peritoneal fluid and solute transport, and, in particular, on the peritoneal fluid absorption, a 4-h dwell study with an intraperitoneal volume marker (radiolabeled human serum albumin [RISA]) was conducted in 21 male Sprague Dawley rats (three groups, seven rats in each group). Each rat was injected intraperitoneally with 25 ml of 1.36% glucose solution alone (control group), with 0.005% hyaluronan (HA1 group), or with 0.01% hyaluronan (HA2 group). Dialysate and blood samples were taken frequently for analyses of fluid and solute (urea, glucose, and protein) transport. The intraperitoneal volume was calculated from the dilution of RISA with a correction for RISA disappearance from the peritoneal cavity. This study shows that adding hyaluronan to peritoneal dialysis solution significantly (P < 0.01) increased the net peritoneal fluid removal, mainly due to a significant decrease in the peritoneal fluid absorption rate (P < 0.01). The diffusive mass transfer coefficients for glucose, urea, and protein did not differ between the three groups. The peritoneal clearance of urea increased significantly in the two hyaluronan groups compared with the control group, due to the increased net fluid removal in the hyaluronan groups. These results suggest that intraperitoneal administration of hyaluronan during a single peritoneal dialysis exchange may significantly increase the peritoneal fluid and solute removal by decreasing peritoneal fluid absorption.

A Three-Pore Model of Peritoneal Transport

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 35-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bengt Rippe
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Peritoneal Membrane ◽  
Reasonable Accuracy ◽  
Lymphatic Absorption ◽  
Pore Model ◽  
Peritoneal Transport ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

The three-pore model of peritoneal transport treats the capillary membrane as a primary barrier determining the amount of solute that transports to the interstitium and the peritoneal cavity. According to the three-pore model, the principal peritoneal exchange route for water and water-soluble substances is a protein-restrictive pore pathway of radius 40–55 A, accounting for approximately 99% of the total exchange (pore) area and approximately 90% of the total peritoneal ultrafiltration (UF) coefficient (LpS). For their passage through the peritoneal membrane proteins are confined to so-called “large pores” of radius approximately 250 Å, which are extremely few in number (0.01% of the total pore population) and more or less nonrestrictive with respect to protein transport. The third pathway of the three-pore model accounts for only about 2% of the total LpS and is permeable to water but impermeable to solutes, a so-called “water-only” (transcellular?) pathway. In contrast to the classical Pyle-Popovich (P&P) model, the three-pore model can predict with reasonable accuracy not only the transport of water and “small solutes” (molecular radius 2.3–15 Å) and “intermediatesize” solutes (radius 15–36 Å), but also the transport of albumin (radius 36 Å) and larger molecules across the peritoneal membrane. The model operates with reflection coefficientsa (a's) for small solutes <0.1. These are approximately one order of magnitude lower than the & sigma's In the P&P model. Furthermore, the peritoneal LPS is one order of magnitude higher than In the P&P model. As a consequence, the major portion of the “fluid loss” from the peritoneal cavity In continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) can be explained by the operation of the so-called Starling forces (the transcapillary hydrostatic pressure gradient opposed by the plasma colloid osmotic pressure as multiplled by the LpS), and to a much lesser extent by lymphatic absorption (L). Furthermore, In contrast to the P&P model, the three-pore model can with reasonable accuracy predict the UF profiles produced when glucose Is substituted by high molecular weight solutes as osmotic agents In CAPO.

Immunology of the peritoneal cavity: Relevance for host-tumor relation

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Melichar ◽  
R.S Freedman
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Residual Disease ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Malignant Ascites ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Immune Mechanisms

Abstract.Melichar B, Freedman RS. Immunology of the peritoneal cavity: relevance for host-tumor relation.The peritoneal membrane, formed by a single layer of mesothelial cells, lines the largest cavity of the human body. Anatomic structures of the peritoneal cavity, along with resident leukocyte populations, play an important role in the defense against microorganisms invading by breaching the gut integrity or ascending through the female genital tract. Local immune mechanisms in the peritoneal cavity are also important in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis and in women with endometriosis. There is now extensive evidence demonstrating the significance of peritoneal immune mechanisms in the control of metastatic spread. Leukocytes belonging to both the innate and adaptive immune systems are present in the peritoneal cavity of normal subjects as well as in patients with intra-abdominal cancer. There is now increased understanding of the mechanisms that not only allow the tumor cells to escape the detection and destruction by the host immune system, but also to use the inflammatory mechanisms to promote tumor growth and spread inside the peritoneal cavity. Malignant ascites represents a model for the study of the interaction between tumor cells and the host immune system as well for the analysis of the tumor microenviroment. The peritoneal immune system may be stimulated by intraperitoneal administration of biologic agents. This peritoneal immunotherapy may be used for palliation of malignant ascites, or as a consolidation strategy in patients with minimal residual disease.

A 1-D model to explore the effects of tissue loading and tissue concentration gradients in the revised Starling principle

2006 ◽  
Vol 291 (6) ◽  
pp. H2950-H2964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaobing Zhang ◽  
Roger H. Adamson ◽  
Fitz-Roy E. Curry ◽  
Sheldon Weinbaum
Keyword(s):  
Tight Junction ◽  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Force Balance ◽  
Endothelial Glycocalyx ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Concentration Gradients ◽  
Rat Mesentery ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
D Model

The recent experiments in Hu et al. ( Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 279: H1724–H1736, 2000) and Adamson et al. ( J Physiol 557: 889–907, 2004) in frog and rat mesentery microvessels have provided strong evidence supporting the Michel-Weinbaum hypothesis for a revised asymmetric Starling principle in which the Starling force balance is applied locally across the endothelial glycocalyx layer rather than between lumen and tissue. These experiments were interpreted by a three-dimensional (3-D) mathematical model (Hu et al.; Microvasc Res 58: 281–304, 1999) to describe the coupled water and albumin fluxes in the glycocalyx layer, the cleft with its tight junction strand, and the surrounding tissue. This numerical 3-D model converges if the tissue is at uniform concentration or has significant tissue gradients due to tissue loading. However, for most physiological conditions, tissue gradients are two to three orders of magnitude smaller than the albumin gradients in the cleft, and the numerical model does not converge. A simpler multilayer one-dimensional (1-D) analytical model has been developed to describe these conditions. This model is used to extend Michel and Phillips’s original 1-D analysis of the matrix layer ( J Physiol 388: 421–435, 1987) to include a cleft with a tight junction strand, to explain the observation of Levick ( Exp Physiol 76: 825–857, 1991) that most tissues have an equilibrium tissue concentration that is close to 0.4 lumen concentration, and to explore the role of vesicular transport in achieving this equilibrium. The model predicts the surprising finding that one can have steady-state reabsorption at low pressures, in contrast to the experiments in Michel and Phillips, if a backward-standing gradient is established in the cleft that prevents the concentration from rising behind the glycocalyx.

Comparative Tissue Concentration Profiles of Fentanyl and Alfentanil in Humans Predicted from Tissue/Blood Partition Data Obtained in Rats

1990 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 865-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Björkman ◽  
Donald R. Stanski ◽  
Davide Verotta ◽  
Hideyoshi Harashima
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
Concentration Profiles

Lymphatic drainage of hypertonic solution from peritoneal cavity of anesthetized and conscious sheep

1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 859-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Tran ◽  
H. Rodela ◽  
N. J. Abernethy ◽  
Z. Y. Yuan ◽  
J. B. Hay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Peritoneal Fluid ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Node ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Hypertonic Solution ◽  
Dialysis Solution ◽  
Conscious Sheep ◽  
The Right

Lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity may reduce ultrafiltration in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. We assessed lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity in sheep under dialysis conditions by cannulation of the relevant lymphatic vessels and compared lymphatic drainage in anesthetized and conscious animals. Lymph was collected from the caudal mediastinal lymph node and the thoracic duct, both of which are involved in the lymphatic drainage of the ovine peritoneal cavity. Volumes of a hypertonic dialysis solution (50 ml/kg 4.25% Dianeal) containing 25 microCi 125I-human serum albumin were instilled into the peritoneal cavity, and lymph flows and the appearance of labeled protein in the lymphatic and vascular compartments were monitored for 6 h. Intraperitoneal pressures increased 4–5 cmH2O above resting levels after infusion of dialysate. On the basis of the appearance of tracer in the lymph, drainage of peritoneal fluid into the caudal lymphatic was calculated to be 3.09 +/- 0.69 and 14.14 +/- 2.86 ml/h in anesthetized and conscious sheep, respectively. Drainage of peritoneal fluid into the thoracic duct preparations was calculated to be 1.32 +/- 0.33 and 14.69 +/- 5.73 ml/h in anesthetized and conscious sheep, respectively. Significant radioactivity was found in the bloodstream, and at least a portion of this was likely contributed by the right lymph duct, which was not cannulated in our experiments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Quantitative Examination of Tissue Concentration Profiles Associated with Microdialysis

1992 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 931-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin H. Dykstra ◽  
John K. Hsiao ◽  
Paul F. Morrison ◽  
Peter M. Bungay ◽  
Ivan N. MefFord ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
Concentration Profiles ◽  
Quantitative Examination

scholarly journals Tissue Sources and Blood Flow Limitations of Osmotic Water Transport Across the Peritoneum

1999 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-353
Author(s):  
HAILU DEMISSACHEW ◽  
JOANNE LOFTHOUSE ◽  
MICHAEL F. FLESSNER
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Hypertonic Solution ◽  
Water Fluxes ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Chamber Volume ◽  
Osmotic Water

Abstract. Despite the daily use of hypertonic solutions to remove fluid from patients throughout the world who are undergoing peritoneal dialysis, the tissue sources of this water flow are unknown. To study this phenomenon in specific tissues, small plastic chambers were affixed to parietal and visceral surfaces of the peritoneum and were filled with either an isotonic or hypertonic solution. The volume changes over 60 to 90 min were determined and divided by the chamber area to yield the volume flux. The hypertonic solution produced a positive flux into the chamber of 0.6 to 1.1 μl/min per cm2 in all tissues tested. In contrast, the isotonic solution resulted in a net loss or an insignificant change in the chamber volume. Additional experiments tested the influence of blood flow on the hypertonic water flux during periods of control, reduced (50 to 80%), or postmortem (no) blood flow, as determined by laser Doppler flowmetry. With the exception of the liver, small but insignificant changes in the flux into the chamber were observed during the period of reduced flow; all water fluxes were markedly depressed during the postmortem period. It is concluded that both parietal and visceral tissues are sources of osmotically induced water flow into the cavity. Except for the liver, marked blood flow reductions have small but insignificant effects on osmotic water transport.

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