Bidirectional peritoneal transport of immunoglobulin in rats: compartmental kinetics

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (2) ◽  
pp. F275-F287 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Flessner ◽  
R. L. Dedrick ◽  
J. C. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Lymphatic Transport ◽  
Protein Loss ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Peritoneal Tissue ◽  
High Concentrations

Protein transport to and from fluid in the peritoneal cavity is observed during clinical procedures. Dialysate osmolality is a major determinant of net fluid flux into the cavity. We carried out experiments in rats to determine the plasma, peritoneal, and tissue concentrations of immunoglobulin (Ig) G resulting from either intravenous (iv) or intraperitoneal (ip) administration during hypertonic or isotonic dialyses. After iv injection of IgG, overall mass transfer into the cavity was not affected by the osmolality. After ip injection, tissue concentrations were dependent on the dialysis duration. Protein absorption from the hypertonic dialysate into the surrounding tissue was quantitatively less than the absorption from an isotonic dialysis solution at 20 min. By 200 min, total protein transport was not affected by dialysate osmolality. Lymphatic transport to the plasma amounted to 20–25% of the total protein loss from the peritoneal cavity; approximately 60% of the absorbed dose was found in tissues surrounding the cavity at both 20 and 200 min, with particularly high concentrations in parietal areas. We conclude that immunoglobulin transport in the peritoneal tissue, resulting from either iv or ip injection, is influenced by route of administration but is little affected by dialysate osmolality. Peritoneal absorption of proteins occurs directly into the surrounding tissue interstitial space as a result of hydrostatic pressure-driven convection and diffusion.

Bidirectional peritoneal transport of immunoglobulin in rats: tissue concentration profiles

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (1) ◽  
pp. F15-F23 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Flessner ◽  
R. L. Dedrick ◽  
J. C. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Capillary Density ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Hypertonic Solution ◽  
Heterogeneous Structure ◽  
Concentration Profiles

Protein transport occurs between the blood and the peritoneal cavity during clinical procedures, but events within the surrounding tissue space are poorly understood. We used quantitative autoradiography to examine the tissue concentration profiles of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in regions surrounding the peritoneal cavity. We have varied the route of administration (intravenous or intraperitoneal), the osmolality of the dialysis solution (isotonic or hypertonic), and the time of analysis (20 or 200 min). After intravenous injection, IgG profiles were relatively flat in most tissues and were not affected by time or osmolality. Concentrations corresponded to the capillary density in specific tissues. After intraperitoneal administration, the IgG tissue profiles were significantly steeper than after intravenous administration. The tissue concentrations increased with time but decreased when a hypertonic solution was substituted for an isotonic solution. Hypertonic dialysis causes a water flux into the cavity, which dilutes the contents but does not prevent penetration of protein into the surrounding tissue. Based on IgG movement in tissue during hypertonic dialysis, the peritoneum appears to function as a heterogeneous structure, which allows osmotically induced water transport into the cavity in some regions with simultaneous transport of hydrostatic pressure-driven water and solute flow from the cavity into the tissue in other regions.

Intraperitoneal Hyaluronan Administration in Conscious Rats: Absorption, Metabolism, and Effects on Peritoneal Fluid Dynamics

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Breborowicz ◽  
Alicja Polubinska ◽  
Krzysztof Pawlaczyk ◽  
Malgorzata Kuzlan–Pawlaczyk ◽  
James Moberly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Peritoneal Fluid ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Interstitial Tissue ◽  
Conscious Rats ◽  
Peritoneal Tissue ◽  
Peritoneal Permeability

Background Hyaluronan (HA) is a major component of interstitial tissue that participates in fluid homeostasis, response to inflammation, and wound healing. Previous studies have shown that intraperitoneal administration of HA can affect peritoneal fluid transport during short peritoneal dialysis exchanges in anesthetized rats. We sought to investigate the effect of high molecular weight HA on peritoneal permeability in conscious rats during dialysis exchanges up to 8 hours in duration. In addition, we sought to investigate the absorption of HA from the peritoneal cavity, its accumulation in peritoneal tissues, and its metabolism in normal and uremic rats. Methods Experiments were performed on male Wistar rats infused with 30 mL peritoneal dialysis solution (Dianeal, Baxter Healthcare; Castelbar, Ireland) containing 10 mg/dL HA or with Dianeal alone (control). Peritoneal fluid removal (net ultrafiltration), permeability to glucose, creatinine, and total proteins, and tissue and blood levels of HA were determined in separate groups of rats at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after intraperitoneal infusion. Hyaluronan appearance and disappearance from plasma were also studied for 24 hours in separate groups of normal and uremic rats. Results Net ultrafiltration was significantly greater (27%) in rats infused with HA at 4, 6, and 8 hours ( p < 0.01) compared to controls. Transperitoneal equilibration of protein was reduced by 27% ( p < 0.001) at 4 hours and by 30% ( p < 0.01) at 8 hours. During the 8-hour exchange, peritoneal clearance of creatinine increased by 27% ( p < 0.01), whereas the clearance of total protein decreased by 27% ( p < 0.005). After 8 hours, 25.7% ± 3.1% of the administered HA was absorbed from the peritoneal cavity, peritoneal tissue HA concentration was increased by 117% ( p < 0.001), and plasma HA levels increased by 435% ( p < 0.001). Plasma HA levels returned to normal within 24 hours after intraperitoneal administration in both healthy and uremic rats. Conclusions Hyaluronan added to dialysis fluid is absorbed from the peritoneal cavity and accumulates in peritoneal tissues. Hyaluronan supplementation produces changes in peritoneal permeability, leading to higher net ultrafiltration and peritoneal creatinine clearance, whereas total protein clearance decreases. The HA that is absorbed from the peritoneal cavity appears to be rapidly metabolized in both healthy and uremic rats.

Peritoneal absorption of macromolecules studied by quantitative autoradiography

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (1) ◽  
pp. H26-H32 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Flessner ◽  
J. D. Fenstermacher ◽  
R. G. Blasberg ◽  
R. L. Dedrick
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Anterior Abdominal Wall ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Lymphatic Transport ◽  
Rapid Freezing ◽  
Uterine Tissue ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Peritoneal Surface ◽  
Constant Versus

Transport experiments of 125I-human serum albumin from the peritoneal cavity to the plasma were conducted in 200-g female rats. Blood and peritoneal samples were collected at intervals over 2-3 h. After death and rapid freezing of the animal, transverse sections were cut in a cryomicrotome from several tissues surrounding the peritoneal cavity, and the distribution of the labeled albumin was measured by computerized quantitative macroautoradiography. Tissue concentrations (counts/min per wet tissue wt) in parietal tissues (anterior abdominal wall and the diaphragm) were relatively constant versus distance from the peritoneum and represented a large fraction (0.5-1.0) of the concentration in the peritoneal cavity. Fractional concentrations in visceral tissues (liver, stomach, intestine) decreased from 0.20-0.35 at the peritoneal surface to 0.03-0.06 at a distance of 900 micron from the peritoneum. Uterine tissue concentrations lay between those of the parietal tissues and those of the viscera. The data are related to mechanisms of interstitial and lymphatic transport in these tissues.

Nonhypoalbuminemic Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Dogs as Disease Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Hernandez ◽  
Elodie Rouillé ◽  
Florian Chocteau ◽  
Marie Allard ◽  
Karine Haurogné ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Interindividual Variability ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Protein Loss ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Antibody Levels

Abstract Background The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing worldwide, emphasizing the need of relevant models, as dogs spontaneously affected by IBD may be, for better knowledge of the disease’s physiopathology. Methods We studied 22 client-owned dogs suffering from IBD without protein loss and 14 control dogs. Biopsies were obtained from the duodenum, ileum, and colon. Inflammatory grade was assessed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and chemokine analysis. The expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR) in mucosa was immunohistochemically evaluated. Antibody levels against bacterial ligands (lipopolysaccharide [LPS] and flagellin) were measured in sera using enzyme-linked immunoassay. Results Dogs with IBD showed low to severe clinical disease. Histopathologically, the gut of dogs with IBD did not exhibit significant alterations compared with controls except in the colon. The number of CD3+ T lymphocytes was decreased in the ileum and colon of dogs with IBD compared with controls, whereas the numbers of Foxp3+, CD20+, and CD204+ cells were similar in the 2 groups. Three chemokines, but no cytokines, were detected at the protein level in the mucosa, and the disease poorly affected their tissue concentrations. Dogs with IBD exhibited higher serum reactivity against LPS and flagellin than controls but similar immunoreactivity against the receptors TLR4 and TLR5. In addition, TLR2 and TLR9 showed similar expression patterns in both groups of dogs. Conclusions Our data described dysregulated immune responses in dogs affected by IBD without protein loss. Despite fairly homogeneous dog cohorts, we were still faced with interindividual variability, and new studies with larger cohorts are needed to validate the dog as a model.

Response of some vegetable crops to soil-applied halides

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Sheppard ◽  
W. G. Evenden
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Competitive Interaction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Industrial Pollutants ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Corn Kernels ◽  
Key Words Fluoride

The halide elements are environmentally important and share some common attributes. The heaviest, I, and the lighest, F, are quite toxic and are important industrial pollutants. They are also effectively retained in soils. The others, Cl and Br, can be accumulated to high concentrations in plants, are used in agriculture and are highly mobile in soils. This study investigated the behaviour of the halides in plots, outdoor lysimeters, and laboratory sorption and excised-root experiments. Sorption on soil was ordered as F > I > Br > Cl. Concentrations in plants were generally ordered as CI ≥ Br > > F ≥ I, the inverse of the sorption ordering, as expected. Older tissues, which were also closest to the soil surface, had higher concentrations, and sequestered tissues, such as corn kernels and cabbage heads, had lower concentrations. There was evidence of competitive interaction among the halides and with soil anions such as phosphate and sulfate. This competition reduced the toxicity of I and modified tissue concentrations of the halides, P and S. Another interesting interaction was an increase in Cl and I sorption on soil solids when there were elevated levels or the other halides. Overall, the study of the halides in combination enhanced our understanding of their individual behaviours. Key words: Fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, vegetable

Variability of Peritoneal Protein Loss in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients on Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 242-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia Spaia ◽  
Fotini Christidou ◽  
Panayotis Pangidis ◽  
Thomas Tsoulkas ◽  
Michalis Pazarloglou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Peritoneal Fluid ◽  
Protein Loss ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

In order to evaluate the Influence of diabetes mellitus on peritoneal membrane permeability, we studied the peritoneal protein loss In two groups of patients. Group A consisted of 16 patients (9 nondlabetics and 7 diabetics) who were In the first month of treatment on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPO). Group B consisted of 13 patients (7 nondlabetics and 6 diabetics) who had been on CAPO for approximately 15 months. In both groups we measured the body weight, serum total protein, albumin, and total protein, urea, and glucose In the peritoneal fluid. We did not find any difference In groups A and B between diabetics and nondlabetics as far as the estimated parameters were concerned. Age, body weight, serum biochemistry, and protein and urea content In peritoneal fluid were similar, when group A was compared to group B. Patients of group B hed on average higher protein losses than those who had been on the method for a short period (mean 7.9 g/dL, vs 6.09 g/dL). Six patients were followed for over 15 months and were found to have significantly Increased protein losses (p=0.02). Glucose levels In peritoneal fluid were significantly lower In patients In group B, p<0.05 (mean 51.8 g/dL vs 37.1 g/dL). Peritoneal protein loss does not seem to differ between diabetic and nondiabetic patients with end-stage renal disease treated with CAPO, at any given time of the treatment. We observed an Increase In protein loss In some patients and a tendency to Increase the protein loss In others. This, along with the fall In glucose levels, might reflect progressive alterations In structure and permeability of the elements Involved In peritoneal transport, and It should receive further evaluation.

scholarly journals P1200PERITONEAL PROTEIN LOSSES: WHAT DO WE MEAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anabela Malho Guedes ◽  
Ana Domingos ◽  
Roberto Calças ◽  
Ana Silva ◽  
Idalécio Bernardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Plasma Creatinine ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Sampling Errors ◽  
Protein Loss ◽  
Large Pore ◽  
Multifrequency Bioimpedance

Abstract Background and Aims The report of peritoneal protein loss should be related with a timely collection (24-hour measurement or 4-hour PET assessment) or concentration. Standardized and reproducible estimation of peritoneal protein transport is obtained during PET. The 24-hour measurements estimate the real amount of PPL, but may be affected by other factors unrelated to the prognosis of PD patients, as inconsistencies in collection and management of the samples. Overall, PET protein loss quantification may be a more specific marker of peritoneal large-pore dysfunction and is seemingly more convenient than 24-hour measurements. The aim of this study was to compare the results of both sampling methods. Method A total of 144 adult incident PD patients were included. A standard peritoneal equilibration test, 24-hour urine and dialysate collection, and multifrequency bioimpedance analysis were performed. Independent-samples t test and Pearson correlation coefficient were performed to evaluate relevant clinical associations. Results Statistically significant univariable relationships for 24h PPL were found for continuous ambulatory PD technique (CAPD) and, with a correlation coefficient &gt;0.20, for pulse pressure, 4-hour dialysate/plasma creatinine and extracellular water/total body water. Studying 240 min PPL, only with 4-hour dialysate/plasma creatinine, creatinine clearance and bicarbonate levels were statistically significant. In both samples there was no significant association with age, gender, type of effluent (biocompatible solutions or lactate plus bicarbonate comparing with bicarbonate), comorbidity Charlson Index, or presence of diabetes. Correlation between 240 min PPL and 24h PPL ensues, but it is not strong (p&lt;0.001; r=0.365). Conclusion The weak correlation between 24h and 240 minutes show that these two measurements should not be considered equivalent. Measurements of a 24h sample might be more close to patients’ clinical status and prognosis, despite more frequent sampling errors. PET protein loss quantification should be regarded as a marker of peritoneal large-pore dysfunction.

A Three-Pore Model of Peritoneal Transport

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 35-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bengt Rippe
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Peritoneal Membrane ◽  
Reasonable Accuracy ◽  
Lymphatic Absorption ◽  
Pore Model ◽  
Peritoneal Transport ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

The three-pore model of peritoneal transport treats the capillary membrane as a primary barrier determining the amount of solute that transports to the interstitium and the peritoneal cavity. According to the three-pore model, the principal peritoneal exchange route for water and water-soluble substances is a protein-restrictive pore pathway of radius 40–55 A, accounting for approximately 99% of the total exchange (pore) area and approximately 90% of the total peritoneal ultrafiltration (UF) coefficient (LpS). For their passage through the peritoneal membrane proteins are confined to so-called “large pores” of radius approximately 250 Å, which are extremely few in number (0.01% of the total pore population) and more or less nonrestrictive with respect to protein transport. The third pathway of the three-pore model accounts for only about 2% of the total LpS and is permeable to water but impermeable to solutes, a so-called “water-only” (transcellular?) pathway. In contrast to the classical Pyle-Popovich (P&P) model, the three-pore model can predict with reasonable accuracy not only the transport of water and “small solutes” (molecular radius 2.3–15 Å) and “intermediatesize” solutes (radius 15–36 Å), but also the transport of albumin (radius 36 Å) and larger molecules across the peritoneal membrane. The model operates with reflection coefficientsa (a's) for small solutes <0.1. These are approximately one order of magnitude lower than the & sigma's In the P&P model. Furthermore, the peritoneal LPS is one order of magnitude higher than In the P&P model. As a consequence, the major portion of the “fluid loss” from the peritoneal cavity In continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) can be explained by the operation of the so-called Starling forces (the transcapillary hydrostatic pressure gradient opposed by the plasma colloid osmotic pressure as multiplled by the LpS), and to a much lesser extent by lymphatic absorption (L). Furthermore, In contrast to the P&P model, the three-pore model can with reasonable accuracy predict the UF profiles produced when glucose Is substituted by high molecular weight solutes as osmotic agents In CAPO.

scholarly journals Inferring marine distribution of Canadian and Irish Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the North Atlantic from tissue concentrations of bio-accumulated caesium 137

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 394-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron D. Spares ◽  
Jeffery M. Reader ◽  
Michael J. W. Stokesbury ◽  
Tom McDermott ◽  
Lubomir Zikovsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
High Concentrations

AbstractSpares, A.D., Reader, J.M., Stokesbury, M.J.W., McDermott, T., Zikovsky, L., Avery, T.S., and Dadswell, M.J. 2007. Inferring marine distribution of Canadian and Irish Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the North Atlantic from tissue concentrations of bio-accumulated caesium 137. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 394–404. Atlantic salmon returning from marine migrations to eastern Canada and western Ireland during 2002 and 2003 were analysed for tissue concentrations of bio-accumulated caesium 137 (137Cs). Salmon from Canadian and Irish waters demonstrated concentrations (0.20 ± 0.14 Bq kg−1 and 0.19 ± 0.09 Bq kg−1, mean ± s.d., respectively) suggesting similar oceanic feeding distributions during migration. Canadian aquaculture escapees had a similar mean tissue concentration (0.28 ± 0.22 Bq kg−1), suggesting migration with wild salmon. However, significantly higher concentrations in 1-sea-winter (1SW) escapees (0.43 ± 0.25 Bq kg−1) may alternatively suggest feeding within local estuaries. High concentrations in some Canadian 1SW salmon indicated trans-Atlantic migration. Low concentrations of Canadian multi-sea-winter (MSW) salmon suggested a feeding distribution in the Labrador and Irminger Seas before homeward migration, because those regions have the lowest surface water 137Cs levels. Estimates of wild Canadian and Irish salmon feeding east of the Faroes (∼8°W) were 14.2% and 10.0% (1SW, 24.7% and 11.5%; MSW, 2.9% and 0.0%), respectively. We propose that most anadromous North Atlantic salmon utilize the North Atlantic Gyre for marine migration and should be classified as a single trans-Atlantic straddling stock.

scholarly journals Concomitant bidirectional transport during peritoneal dialysis can be explained by a structured interstitium

2016 ◽  
Vol 310 (11) ◽  
pp. H1501-H1511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Stachowska-Pietka ◽  
Jacek Waniewski ◽  
Michael F. Flessner ◽  
Bengt Lindholm
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Phase Structure ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
Distributed Model ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Tissue Hydration ◽  
Peritoneal Tissue ◽  
Bidirectional Transport

Clinical and animal studies suggest that peritoneal absorption of fluid and protein from dialysate to peritoneal tissue, and to blood and lymph circulation, occurs concomitantly with opposite flows of fluid and protein, i.e., from blood to dialysate. However, until now a theoretical explanation of this phenomenon has been lacking. A two-phase distributed model is proposed to explain the bidirectional, concomitant transport of fluid, albumin and glucose through the peritoneal transport system (PTS) during peritoneal dialysis. The interstitium of this tissue is described as an expandable two-phase structure with phase F (water-rich, colloid-poor region) and phase C (water-poor, colloid-rich region) with fluid and solute exchange between them. A low fraction of phase F is assumed in the intact tissue, which can be significantly increased under the influence of hydrostatic pressure and tissue hydration. The capillary wall is described using the three-pore model, and the conditions in the peritoneal cavity are assumed commencing 3 min after the infusion of glucose 3.86% dialysis fluid. Computer simulations demonstrate that peritoneal absorption of fluid into the tissue, which occurs via phase F at the rate of 1.8 ml/min, increases substantially the interstitial pressure and tissue hydration in both phases close to the peritoneal cavity, whereas the glucose-induced ultrafiltration from blood occurs via phase C at the rate of 15 ml/min. The proposed model delineating the phenomenon of concomitant bidirectional transport through PTS is based on a two-phase structure of the interstitium and provides results in agreement with clinical and experimental data.

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