Ventilatory response to forward acceleration

1960 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 907-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred W. Zechman ◽  
Neil S. Cherniack ◽  
Alvin S. Hyde
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Work Of Breathing ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
Alveolar Ventilation ◽  
Respiratory Frequency ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Elimination ◽  
Second Period

Two series of experiments dealing with the effect of forward acceleration on respiration in man were performed. In both series of studies the trunk was inclined 12 degrees in the direction of acceleration and a rate of onset of 1 g/sec. was used. In the first series, the effect of 5, 8 and 12 g on respiratory frequency, tidal volume, minute volume and nitrogen elimination was determined. Frequency increased, reaching an average of 39.2 cpm and tidal volumes decreased to an average of 318 cc at 12 g. The volume of nitrogen eliminated during a 30-second period, breathing O2 at 12 g, was essentially unchanged, suggesting that alveolar ventilation did not decrease. In the second series, O2 consumptions were measured before, during and after accelerations of 5, 8, 10, and 12 g. O2 consumptions increased with acceleration and it is presumed that the extra work of breathing may be an important contributing factor. Submitted on March 2, 1960

Vagal control of respiratory pattern during hyperpnea in domestic fowl

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1650-1654 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gleeson ◽  
J. H. Brackenbury
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Normal Animal ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
Respiratory Frequency ◽  
Respiratory Pattern ◽  
Varied Pattern ◽  
Before And After

Minute volume, tidal volume, and respiratory frequency were measured during hyperpnea induced by exercise, increased body temperature, and CO2 inhalation. Ventilatory characteristics were compared before and after the vagus nerve had been blocked. In normal birds exercise produced increases in both tidal volume and respiratory frequency; hyperthermia produced a typical thermal polypnea consisting of greatly increased respiratory frequency and reduced tidal volume; CO2 inhalation produced increases in tidal volume and respiratory frequency when the birds were euthermic but a slowing of respiratory rate when the birds were hyperthermic. After vagal block these pronounced differences in the pattern of ventilatory response to the various respiratory stimuli were abolished. Instead there was a uniform ventilatory response to all three stimuli consisting mainly of increases in tidal volume combined with small increases in respiratory frequency. It is concluded that in the normal animal control of the varied pattern of ventilatory response to different respiratory stimuli is dependent on vagal fiber activity.

Control of ventilation in running birds: effects of hypoxia, hyperoxia, and CO2

1982 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 1397-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Brackenbury ◽  
M. Gleeson ◽  
P. Avery
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
Respiratory Frequency ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Control Of Ventilation ◽  
Hypercapnic Response ◽  
Severe Tissue ◽  
Rest And Exercise

Minute volume (V), tidal volume (VT), respiratory frequency (f), venous lactate, and clavicular air sac gas composition were measured in domestic fowl at rest and during exercise, breathing hypoxic, hyperoxic, or hypercapnic gas. Hyperoxia produced no significant change in ventilation, CO2 inhalation produced increases in V and VT, but the changes in f appeared to be related to the stage of exercise at which CO2 was administered. The sensitivity of the hypercapnic response was similar in resting and exercising birds. Compared with the effects of CO2, hypoxia elicited only a weak ventilatory response in rest and exercise conditions despite severe tissue anaerobiosis.

Ventilatory response to hypoxia in unanesthetized newborn kittens

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 2544-2551 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Rigatto ◽  
C. Wiebe ◽  
C. Rigatto ◽  
D. S. Lee ◽  
D. Cates
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Chest Wall ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Respiratory Frequency ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Newborn Kitten ◽  
Peripheral Mechanism ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Ventilatory Response To Hypoxia

We studied the ventilatory response to hypoxia in 11 unanesthetized newborn kittens (n = 54) between 2 and 36 days of age by use of a flow-through system. During quiet sleep, with a decrease in inspired O2 fraction from 21 to 10%, minute ventilation increased from 0.828 +/- 0.029 to 1.166 +/- 0.047 l.min-1.kg-1 (P less than 0.001) and then decreased to 0.929 +/- 0.043 by 10 min of hypoxia. The late decrease in ventilation during hypoxia was related to a decrease in tidal volume (P less than 0.001). Respiratory frequency increased from 47 +/- 1 to 56 +/- 2 breaths/min, and integrated diaphragmatic activity increased from 14.9 +/- 0.9 to 20.2 +/- 1.4 arbitrary units; both remained elevated during hypoxia (P less than 0.001). Younger kittens (less than 10 days) had a greater decrease in ventilation than older kittens. These results suggest that the late decrease in ventilation during hypoxia in the newborn kitten is not central but is due to a peripheral mechanism located in the lungs or respiratory pump and affecting tidal volume primarily. We speculate that either pulmonary bronchoconstriction or mechanical uncoupling of diaphragm and chest wall may be involved.

The Effect of Posture on Ventilation and Lung Mechanics in Preterm and Light-for-Date Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alastair A. Hutchison ◽  
Keith R. Ross ◽  
George Russell
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Prone Position ◽  
Supine Position ◽  
Work Of Breathing ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
Lung Mechanics ◽  
Total Work ◽  
Preterm Group

The effect of right lateral, supine, and prone postures on ventilation and lung mechanics was studied in 23 healthy newborn infants, ten preterm and 13 term, "light-for-date." In the preterm group, tidal volume, minute volume, elastic work, inspiratory viscous work, total viscous work, and the total work of breathing were significantly greater in the prone position than in the supine position. Results obtained in the lateral position did not differ significantly from those in the prone or supine positions. Posture did not significantly affect tidal volume or lung mechanics in the light-for-date infants. The prone position is suggested to be the optimum nursing posture for healthy preterm infants.

Integration of chemoreceptor stimuli by caudal pontile and rostral medullary sites

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 612-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. St John ◽  
S. C. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
Respiratory Frequency ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Frequency Responses ◽  
Radiofrequency Lesions ◽  
Pneumotaxic Center ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Decerebrate Cats ◽  
Paco2 Level

Ventilatory regulation by pontile pneumotaxic and apneustic centers and by rostral medullary sites was evaluated in intercollicular decerebrate cats. Following pneumotaxic center ablation, PAco2 was significantly elevated.Moreover, in response to hypercapina or hypoxia, frequency responses were significantly diminished whereas tidal volume responses were unchanged or elevated. Interruption of apneustic center function by caudal pontile transection or radiofrequency lesions in the caudal pons and/or rostral medulla resulted in significant decreases of tidal volume responses and significant elevations of frequency responses to both hypercapnia and hypoxia. Neither minute volume responses nor the PAco2 level was altered. It is concluded that the apneustic center exercises a primary role in the brainstem definitionof tidal volume responses for both peripheral and central chemoreceptor afferent stimuli. The apneustic center is also considered to exert an impoetant function in the definition of respiratory frequency. A medially placed pathway in the rostral medulla is proposed to interconnect the apneustic center with the medullary respiratory nuclei.

Ventilatory effects and interactions with change in PaO2 in awake goats

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1254-1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Daristotle ◽  
M. J. Engwall ◽  
W. Z. Niu ◽  
G. E. Bisgard
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Carotid Body ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Respiratory Frequency ◽  
Systemic Hypoxia ◽  
Ventilatory Effects ◽  
Arterial Po2

We utilized selective carotid body (CB) perfusion while changing inspired O2 fraction in arterial isocapnia to characterize the non-CB chemoreceptor ventilatory response to changes in arterial PO2 (PaO2) in awake goats and to define the effect of varying levels of CB PO2 on this response. Systemic hyperoxia (PaO2 greater than 400 Torr) significantly increased inspired ventilation (VI) and tidal volume (VT) in goats during CB normoxia, and systemic hypoxia (PaO2 = 29 Torr) significantly increased VI and respiratory frequency in these goats. CB hypoxia (CB PO2 = 34 Torr) in systemic normoxia significantly increased VI, VT, and VT/TI; the ventilatory effects of CB hypoxia were not significantly altered by varying systemic PaO2. We conclude that ventilation is stimulated by systemic hypoxia and hyperoxia in CB normoxia and that this ventilatory response to changes in systemic O2 affects the CB O2 response in an additive manner.

Restraining hamsters alters their breathing pattern

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 1271-1276 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Sweeney ◽  
D. E. Leith ◽  
J. D. Brain
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Breathing Pattern ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
Respiratory Frequency ◽  
Prior Exercise ◽  
Sedentary Group ◽  
Inhaled Aerosols

Does the restraint required for head or nose-only exposure of rodents to inhaled aerosols or gases alter their breathing pattern? And does prior exercise training, which may increase muscle strength, affect this response to restraint? To answer those questions, we measured breathing pattern in 11 adult male hamsters while they were either 1) free to move in small cages or 2) closely restrained in head-out cones. The measurements were repeated after hamsters spent 6 wk either sedentary in standard cages or in cages with exercise wheels. Hamsters were placed in a plethysmograph to measure respiratory frequency (f) and tidal volume (VT). Their product is minute volume (V). When restrained, f and V were 1.9 and 1.7 times, respectively, greater than when hamsters were free, but VT did not change. After 6 wk, the sedentary group responded differently to restraint; f increased 3-fold, VT decreased by one-half, and V increased 1.6-fold. Exercised hamsters increased f 2.3-fold and decreased VT by one-third; V increased by 1.5-fold. In inhalation studies, changes in breathing pattern would significantly influence the amount of material inhaled, the fraction retained, and thus the amount and distribution of material deposited in the lungs.

Effect of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure on the Ventilatory Response to CO2 in Preterm Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 634-638
Author(s):  
Manuel Durand ◽  
Ellen McCann ◽  
June P. Brady
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Airway Pressure ◽  
Positive Airway Pressure ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Respiratory Frequency ◽  
Co2 Response ◽  
Expiratory Time ◽  
Ventilatory Response To Co2

The effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on the ventilatory response to CO2 in newborn infants is unknown. The CO2 response to 4% CO2 in air was studied in nine preterm infants without lung disease before and during administration of CPAP (4 to 5 cm H2O) delivered by face mask. Minute ventilation, tidal volume, respiratory frequency, and end-tidal Pco2 were measured, and the slope and intercept of the CO2 response were calculated. Respiratory pattern and changes in oxygenation were also analyzed by measuring inspiratory and expiratory time, mean inspiratory flow, mean expiratory flow, effective respiratory timing, endtidal Po2, and transcutaneous Po2. CPAP significantly decreased minute ventilation from 278.7 to 197.6 mL/mm/kg (P < .001). Tidal volume and respiratory frequency were also significantly decreased. The slope of the CO2 response during CPAP was not significantly different from the slope before CPAP (36 v 33 mL/min/kg/mm Hg, P > .1), but the intercept was shifted to the right (P < .001). The decrease in respiratory frequency was primarily due to a prolongation of expiratory time (P < .05). In addition, transcutaneous Po2 increased during administration of CPAP (P < .001). These findings indicate that: (1) CPAP significantly decreases ventilation in preterm infants without lung disease, affecting both tidal volume and respiratory frequency; (2) CPAP does not appreciably alter the ventilatory response to CO2; (3) the changes in respiratory frequency are primarily accounted for by a prolongation of expiratory time; (4) CPAP improves oxygenation.

Exercise responses following ozone exposure

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 996-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Folinsbee ◽  
F. Silverman ◽  
R. J. Shephard
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
Respiratory Frequency ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Major Response ◽  
Ergometer Test ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Dose Dependent

We have tested the response of 28 subjects to a three-stage ergometer test, with loads adjusted to 45, 60, and 75% of maximum aerobic power following ozone exposure. The subjects were exposed to one of 0.37, 0.50, or 0.75 ppm O3 for 2 h either at rest (R) or while exercising intermittently (IE) (15 min rest alternated with 15 min exercise at approximately 50 W. sufficient to increase VE by a factor of 2.5). Also, all subjects completed a mock exposure VE, respiratory frequency (fR), mixed expired PO2 and PCO2, and electrocardiogram were monitored continuously during the exercise test. Neither submaximal exercise oxygen consumption nor minute ventilation was significantly altered following any level of ozone exposure. The major response noted was an increase in respiratory frequency during exercise following ozone exposure. The increase in fR was closely correlated with the total dose of ozone (r = 0.98) and was accompanied by a decrease in tidal volume (r = 0.91) so that minute volume was unchanged. It is concluded that through its irritant properties, ozone modifies the normal ventilatory response to exercise, and that this effect is dose dependent.

Evaluation of neurogenic and metabolic influences from a perfused leg on respiratory exchanges

1959 ◽  
Vol 196 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold N. Bailen ◽  
Steven M. Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Femoral Nerve ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
The Body ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Femoral Vessels ◽  
Series Of Experiments

Paired mongrel dogs of near equal weight were used in two separate series of perfusion experiments. In the first series, the amputated leg of the ‘perfused’ dog remained connected to the rest of the body by the femur and the femoral nerve. The arterial and venous femoral vessels were anastomosed to the corresponding vessels in the ‘donor’ dog. Three milligrams per kilogram of 2–4-dinitrophenol was injected intravenously into the donor dog which was now perfusing the amputated extremity. The expired air was collected, analyzed and subjected to statistical analysis. It was found that the minute volume, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production exhibited an increase of approximately 100% above control values in the donor dogs. The perfused animals in this series also exhibited marked increases in the same parameters. It was discovered that dinitrophenol was reaching the perfused animal via the blood supply of the intact femur. Therefore, a second series of experiments was undertaken in which the femur was also amputated leaving the nerves as the sole connection to the body of the animal. The donor dogs again exhibited the expected elevation in ventilatory function, but the perfused animals demonstrated no changes. In both series, severing the nerves did not alter the ventilatory response. The data suggest that increased metabolism per se does not stimulate pulmonary ventilation via neural pathways.

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