Effects of acute pleural effusion on respiratory system mechanics in dogs

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 1458-1463 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Krell ◽  
J. R. Rodarte
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Shape Change ◽  
Lower Lobe ◽  
Esophageal Pressure ◽  
Elastic Recoil ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
Upward Displacement ◽  
The Right

We determined regional (Vr) and overall lung volumes in six head-up anesthetized dogs before and after the stepwise introduction of saline into the right pleural space. Functional residual capacity (FRC), as determined by He dilution, and total lung capacity (TLC) decreased by one-third and chest wall volume increased by two-thirds the saline volume added. Pressure-volume curves showed an apparent increase in lung elastic recoil and a decrease in chest wall elastic recoil with added saline, but the validity of esophageal pressure measurements in these head-up dogs is questionable. Vr was determined from the positions of intraparenchymal markers. Lower lobe TLC and FRC decreased with added saline. The decrease in upper lobe volume was less than that of lower lobe volume at FRC and was minimal at TLC. Saline increased the normal Vr gradient at FRC and created a gradient at TLC. During deflation from TLC to FRC before saline was added, the decrease in lung volume was accompanied by a shape change of the lung, with greatest distortion in the transverse (ribs to mediastinum) direction. After saline additions, deflation was associated with deformation of the lung in the cephalocaudal and transverse directions. The deformation with saline may be a result of upward displacement of the lungs into a smaller cross-sectional area of the thoracic cavity.

Lung interdependence and lung-chest wall interaction of sublobar and lobar units in pigs

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Zidulka ◽  
J. T. Sylvester ◽  
S. Nadler ◽  
N. R. Anthonisen
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Positive Pressure Ventilation ◽  
Esophageal Pressure ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Elastic Recoil ◽  
Lung Unit ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
Diaphragmatic Motion ◽  
Wall Interaction ◽  
The Right

In anesthetized and paralyzed pigs in the left decubitus position we obstructed, at functional residual capacity (FRC), either the right middle and lower lobes, or a small posterior basal lung unit, and then passively inflated the unobstructed remaining lung. Measurements were made of alveolar pressure in the obstructed and unobstructed lung regions as well as of esophageal pressure. The tendency of the obstructed lung region to inflate as the remainder of the lung was inflated was assessed by an index (A), which was the end-inspiratory pressure difference between unobstructed and obstructed alveolar pressures, normalized by the change in elastic recoil of unobstructed lung. With the chest wall intact, inflation of unobstructed lung resulted in a tendency to inflate the obstructed regions. This tendency was abolished with the chest wall removed. In a second group of pigs with the basilar lung unit obstructed, the height of the unit was changed by turning a pig from right to left decubitus positions. In each position A was assessed with both spontaneous and positive pressure ventilation. The magnitude of A was found to vary directly with the magnitude of caudal diaphragmatic motion and was greatest with the lung unit dependent and with spontaneous ventilation. These results suggest that lung-chest wall interaction was a more important factor tending to preserve homogenous inflation than lung tissue interdependence.

Effects of chest wall on volume and strain patterns in canine lungs

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 1055-1060
Author(s):  
W. S. Krell ◽  
J. R. Rodarte
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Total Lung Capacity ◽  
Shape Change ◽  
Lower Lobe ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
Lung Capacity ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Cartesian Coordinate ◽  
Wall Interactions

Lobar functional residual capacity-to-total lung capacity ratios (FRC/TLC) and strains in five supine anesthetized dogs were determined from volumes and side lengths of tetrahedra formed by multiple intraparenchymal markers whose positions were determined roentgenographically. Strain is related to fractional changes in length of elements in a Cartesian coordinate system and was used to describe parenchymal distortion. Volumes and strain patterns were compared in three states: intact dogs, after transection of forelimb structures to relieve traction on the chest wall, and in dogs' excised lungs. Removing traction (NT) decreased the plethysmographically determined FRC and the upper-to-lower lobe ratio (UL/LL) for FRC/TLC. The ratio in the NT state was more like the ratio in the excised lungs (UL/LL approximately equal to 1) than in the intact dog (UL/LL greater than 1). Strain patterns were similar between the intact and the NT states, indicating no lobar shape change at FRC between these two states. Strain in the excised lungs differed greatly from strains in the intact and NT states. We conclude that forelimb traction alters volume distribution between lobes and that lung-chest wall interactions are important in determining volume and strain patterns.

Absolute intraesophageal pressure at functional residual capacity in frequency

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Helms ◽  
C. S. Beardsmore ◽  
J. Stocks
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Functional Residual Capacity ◽  
Esophageal Pressure ◽  
Elastic Recoil ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Intraesophageal Pressure

Absolute intraesophageal pressure at functional residual capacity (FRC) has been estimated in 15 infants (age 1-30 wk) by the extrapolation of the esophageal pressure-volume relationships to zero balloon volume by use of air-filled balloons in their ranges of infinite compliance. The pressure-volume relationships of the esophageal balloons (length 3.5-5.0 cm, perimeter 1.7-2.5 cm, wall thickness 0.045-0.075 mm) were determined in air and in erect and horizontal positions under water, the behavior of the balloons placed horizontally under water closely approximated that of the balloons in vivo. The mean absolute intraesophageal pressure at FRC was -1.44 cmH2O in eight normal infants and -1.56 cmH2O in seven convalescent infants with a variety of cardiorespiratory disorders. The less negative absolute end-expiratory esophageal pressure in infants when compared with that in adults can be explained by changes in lung elastic recoil, chest wall recoil, or a combination of these factors during the development and growth of the respiratory system from birth to adulthood.

Lung and chest wall impedances in the dog in normal range of breathing: effects of pulmonary edema

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 1040-1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Barnas ◽  
D. Stamenovic ◽  
K. R. Lutchen
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Chest Wall ◽  
Mean Airway Pressure ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Measured Resistance ◽  
The Right ◽  
Severe Pulmonary Edema

We evaluated the effect of pulmonary edema on the frequency (f) and tidal volume (VT) dependences of respiratory system mechanical properties in the normal ranges of breathing. We measured resistance and elastance of the lungs (RL and EL) and chest wall of four anesthetized-paralyzed dogs during sinusoidal volume oscillations at the trachea (50–300 ml, 0.2–2 Hz), delivered at a constant mean airway pressure. Measurements were made before and after severe pulmonary edema was produced by injection of 0.06 ml/kg oleic acid into the right atrium. Chest wall properties were not changed by the injection. Before oleic acid, EL increased slightly with increasing f in each dog but was independent of VT. RL decreased slightly and was independent of VT from 0.2 to 0.4 Hz, but above 0.4 Hz it tended to increase with increasing flow, presumably due to the airway contribution. After oleic acid injection, EL and RL increased greatly. Large negative dependences of EL on VT and of RL on f were also evident, so that EL and RL after oleic acid changed two- and fivefold, respectively, within the ranges of f and VT studied. We conclude that severe pulmonary edema changes lung properties so as to make behavior VT dependent (i.e., nonlinear) and very frequency dependent in the normal range of breathing.

Respiratory mechanics in the anesthetized rat

1978 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. L. Lai ◽  
J. Hildebrandt
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Esophageal Pressure ◽  
Gas Content ◽  
Lung Capacity ◽  
Consistent Change ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
Wall Compliance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Body Plethysmograph

Functional residual capacity (FRC) and pressure-volume (PV) curves of the lung, chest wall, and total respiratory system were studied in 15 anesthetized rats, weighing 307 +/- 10 (SE) g. Pleural pressure was estimated from the esophageal pressure measured with a water-filled catheter. The FRC determined by body plethysmograph was slightly and significantly larger than FRC determined from saline displacement of excised lungs. The difference may be accounted for by O2 uptake by lung tissue, escape of CO2 through the pleura, and abdominal gas. Paralysis in the prone position did not affect FRC, and abdominal gas content contributed only slightly to the FRC measured by body plethysmograph. Values of various pulmonary parameters (mean +/- SE) were as follows: residual volume, 1.26 +/- 0.13 ml; FRC, 2.51 +/- 0.20 ml; total lung capacity, 12.23 +/- 0.55 ml; compliance of the lung, 0.90 +/- 0.06 ml/cmH2O; chest wall compliance, 1.50 +/- 0.11 ml/cmH2O; and respiratory system compliance, 0.57 +/- 0.03 ml/cmH2O. The lung PV curve did not show a consistent change after the chest was opened.

Effect of unweighting on skeletal muscle use during exercise

1995 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Ploutz-Snyder ◽  
P. A. Tesch ◽  
D. J. Crittenden ◽  
G. A. Dudley
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Muscle Group ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Quadriceps Femoris Muscle ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
The Right ◽  
Femoris Muscle

Exercise-induced spin-spin relaxation time (T2) shifts in magnetic resonance (MR) images were used to test the hypothesis that more muscle would be used to perform a given submaximal task after 5 wk of unweighting. Before and after unilateral lower limb suspension (ULLS), 7 subjects performed 5 sets of 10 unilateral concentric actions with the quadriceps femoris muscle group (QF) at each of 4 loads: 25, 40, 55, and 70% of maximum. T2-weighted MR images of the thigh were collected at rest and after each relative load. ULLS elicited a 20% decrease in strength of the left unweighted QF and a 14% decrease in average cross-sectional area (CSA) with no changes in the right weight-bearing QF. Average CSA of the left or right QF showing exercise-induced T2 shift increased as a function of exercise intensity both before and after ULLS. On average, 12 +/- 1, 15 +/- 2, 18 +/- 2, and 22 +/- 1 cm2 of either QF showed elevated T2 for the 25, 40, 55, and 70% loads, respectively, before ULLS. Average CSA of the left but not the right QF, showing elevated T2 after ULLS, was increased to 16 +/- 2, 23 +/- 3, 31 +/- 7, and 39 +/- 5 cm2, respectively. The results indicated that unweighting increased exercise-induced T2 shift in MR images, presumably due to greater muscle mass involvement in exercise after than before unweighting, suggesting a change in motor control.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENDEKATAN MELALUI KONSELING INTERPERSONAL TERHADAP RESPON SOSIAL, EMOSIONAL DAN SPIRITUAL PADA PASIEN HIV/AIDS

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Indah Jayani ◽  
Fatma Sayekti Ruffaida
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right ◽  
Hiv Aids

Approach to PLWHA by providing interpersonal counseling is the right thing to do to overcome psychological problems including social, emotional and spiritual aspects of PLWHA. This study aims to look at the effect of interpersonal counseling on social, emotional and spiritual responses in HIV/ AIDS patients. This research is a type of non-experimental research with a cross-sectional approach. The sample is post-test people and tested positive for HIV in the Kediri region, which is 32 with purpossive sampling technique. Data on social, emotional and spiritual responses were obtained based on the results of data recapitulation from the instrument in the form of a questionnaire. The results of the study with the non-parametric Wilcoxon test showed there were differences between social responses of HIV/AIDS patients before and after given interpersonal counseling with p value = 0,000, there were differences between the emotional responses of HIV/AIDS patients before being given interpersonal counseling and after being given counseling with p value = 0,000, and there is a difference between spiritual responses in HIV/AIDS patients before being given interpersonal counseling and after being given interpersonal counseling with p value = 0,000. It can be concluded that interpersonal counseling influences social, emotional and spiritual responses of HIV/AIDS patients. It is recommended that the mentoring of HIV/AIDS patients through interpersonal counseling can continue so as to enhance physiological responses that will have an impact on disease prognosis, prevention of opportunistic infections and reduce mortality rates for HIV patients/ AIDS.

Open en bloc chest wall resection including three ribs and the right lower lobe for T3 lung cancer

ASVIDE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 24-24
Author(s):  
Dany Balke ◽  
Varun Gupta ◽  
Stefan Welter
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Chest Wall ◽  
Lower Lobe ◽  
Chest Wall Resection ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
The Right

scholarly journals Lung elastic recoil during breathing at increased lung volume

1999 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 1491-1495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph R. Rodarte ◽  
Gassan Noredin ◽  
Charles Miller ◽  
Vito Brusasco ◽  
Riccardo Pellegrino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Dynamic Hyperinflation ◽  
Airway Closure ◽  
Elastic Recoil ◽  
Volume Increase ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Residual Capacity

During dynamic hyperinflation with induced bronchoconstriction, there is a reduction in lung elastic recoil at constant lung volume (R. Pellegrino, O. Wilson, G. Jenouri, and J. R. Rodarte. J. Appl. Physiol. 81: 964–975, 1996). In the present study, lung elastic recoil at control end inspiration was measured in normal subjects in a volume displacement plethysmograph before and after voluntary increases in mean lung volume, which were achieved by one tidal volume increase in functional residual capacity (FRC) with constant tidal volume and by doubling tidal volume with constant FRC. Lung elastic recoil at control end inspiration was significantly decreased by ∼10% within four breaths of increasing FRC. When tidal volume was doubled, the decrease in computed lung recoil at control end inspiration was not significant. Because voluntary increases of lung volume should not produce airway closure, we conclude that stress relaxation was responsible for the decrease in lung recoil.

Forces involved in lobar atelectasis in intact dogs

1980 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. T. Ford ◽  
C. A. Bradley ◽  
N. R. Anthonisen
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Lower Lobe ◽  
Transpulmonary Pressure ◽  
Esophageal Pressure ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Left Lower Lobe ◽  
Lung Lobe ◽  
Left Lateral Position ◽  
The Difference

When an excised lung lobe undergoes atelectasis, its shape differs from that observed when lobar atelectasis occurs in an intact animal: the chest wall deforms the collapsing lobe. In eight anesthetized dogs in the left lateral position we measured lung volume and transpulmonary pressure during the development of atelectasis. We then induced atelectasis of the left lower lobe with the rest of the lung maintained at FRC and measured lobar volume and "translobar" (lobar minus esophageal) pressure. Lung and lobar volumes were measured by prebreathing the animal with 88% O2-12% N2, occluding the airway and observing the increase in lung or lobar N2 concentration. When the left lower lobe alone collapsed, translobar pressures were more negative than transpulmonary pressure at the same relative volume when the whole lung collapsed. This pressure difference, which represents the deforming force applied to the lobe minus the pressure costs of deformation, averaged 3 cmH2O at 50% FRC. Infusion of 25 ml of normal saline into the pleural space sharply reduced the difference pulmonary pressure during lung collapse: this difference was abolished at 80% FRC and halved at 50% FRC. The large effect of the small volume of fluid suggested that deforming forces were largely generated in relatively local areas, such as regions of the chest wall with sharp angulation.

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