Arousal responses to airway occlusion in sleeping dogs: comparison of nasal and tracheal occlusions

1987 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1832-1836 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. Issa ◽  
S. G. McNamara ◽  
C. E. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Airway Pressure ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Airway Occlusion ◽  
Pressure Stimulus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time

Previous studies have shown that the arousal threshold to hypoxia, hypercapnia, and tracheal occlusions is greatly depressed in rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep compared with slow-wave sleep (SWS). The aim of this study was to compare the arousal thresholds in SWS and REM sleep in response to an upper airway pressure stimulus. We compared the waking responses to tracheal (T) vs. nasal (N) occlusion in four unanesthetized, naturally sleeping dogs. The dogs either breathed through a tracheal fistula or through the snout using a fiberglass mask. A total of 295 T and 160 N occlusion tests were performed in SWS and REM sleep. The mean time to arousal during N and T tests was variable in the same dog and among the dogs. The mean time to arousal in SWS-tracheal occlusion was longer than that in N tests in only two of the four dogs. The total number of tests inducing arousal within the first 15 s of SWS-nasal occlusion tests was significantly more than that of T tests (N: 47%; T: 27%). There was a marked depression of arousal within the initial 15 s of REM sleep in T tests compared with N tests (N: 21%; T: 0%). The frequency of early arousals in REM tests was less than that of SWS for both N and T tests. The early arousal in N occlusion is in sharp contrast to the well-described depressed arousal responses to hypoxia, hypercapnia, and asphyxia. This pattern of arousal suggests that the upper airway mechanoreceptors may play an important role in the induction of an early arousal from nasal occlusion.

Upper airway dilating forces during wakefulness and sleep in dogs

1986 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 2148-2155 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Goh ◽  
F. G. Issa ◽  
C. E. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Airway Pressure ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Phasic Change ◽  
Isolated Segment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Line Level ◽  
Pressure Changes

We measured the pressure within an isolated segment of the upper airway in three dogs during wakefulness (W), slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. Measurements were taken from a segment of the upper airway between the nares and midtrachea while the dog breathed through a tracheostoma. These pressure changes represented the sum of respiratory-related forces generated by all muscles of the upper airway. The mean base-line level of upper airway pressure (Pua) was -0.5 +/- 0.03 cmH2O during W, increased by a mean of 2.1 +/- 0.2 cmH2O during SWS, and was variable during REM sleep. The mean inspiratory-related phasic change in Pua was -1.2 +/- 0.1 cmH2O during wakefulness. During SWS, this phasic change in Pua decreased significantly to a mean of -0.9 +/- 0.1 cmH2O (P less than 0.05). During REM sleep, the phasic activity was extremely variable with periods in which there were no fluctuations in Pua and others with high swings in Pua. These data indicate that in dogs the sum of forces which dilate the upper airway during W decreases during SWS and REM sleep. The consistent coupling between inspiratory drive and upper airway dilatation during wakefulness persists in SWS, but is frequently uncoupled during REM sleep.

scholarly journals Rapid eye movement sleep and slow wave sleep rebounded and related factors during positive airway pressure therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Xiang Cheng ◽  
Jiafeng Ren ◽  
Jian Qiu ◽  
Yingcong Jiang ◽  
Xianchao Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Airway Pressure ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Positive Airway Pressure ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Pressure Therapy ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and predictors of increased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep or slow wave sleep (SWS) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) following positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy. The study retrospectively analyzed data from patients with OSA who underwent both diagnostic polysomnography (PSG) and pressure titration PSG at the Tangdu Hospital Sleep Medicine Center from 2011–2016. Paired diagnostic PSG and pressure titration studies from 501 patients were included. REM rebound was predicted by a higher oxygen desaturation index, lower REM proportion, higher arousal index, lower mean pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2), higher Epworth sleepiness score and younger age (adjusted R2 = 0.482). The SWS rebound was predicted by a longer total duration of apneas and hypopneas, lower N3 duration, lower SpO2 nadir, lower REM proportion in diagnostic PSG and younger age (adjusted R2 = 0.286). Patients without REM rebound or SWS rebound had a high probability of comorbidities with insomnia and mood complaints. Some parameters (subjective and objective insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, age and OSA severity) indicate changes in REM sleep and SWS between diagnostic and titration PSG tests. Treatment of insomnia and mood disorders in patients with OSA may helpful to improve the use PAP.

Composition and replay of mnemonic sequences: The contributions of REM and slow-wave sleep to episodic memory

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 610-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sen Cheng ◽  
Markus Werning
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Place Cells ◽  
Object Representations ◽  
Episodic Memories ◽  
Gamma Band Oscillations

AbstractWe propose that rapid eye movement (REM) and slow-wave sleep contribute differently to the formation of episodic memories. REM sleep is important for building up invariant object representations that eventually recur to gamma-band oscillations in the neocortex. In contrast, slow-wave sleep is more directly involved in the consolidation of episodic memories through replay of sequential neural activity in hippocampal place cells.

Waking and ventilatory responses to laryngeal stimulation in sleeping dogs

1978 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 681-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Sullivan ◽  
E. Murphy ◽  
L. F. Kozar ◽  
E. A. Phillipson
Keyword(s):  
Endotracheal Tube ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Cardiac Responses ◽  
Prolonged Apnea ◽  
Sleep Arousal

We studied waking and ventilatory responses to laryngeal stimulation during sleep in three dogs. The dogs breathed through an endotracheal tube inserted caudally into the trachea through a tracheostomy. Laryngeal stimulation was produced either by inflating a small balloon that was positioned in the rostral tracheal segment, or by squirting water onto the larynx through a catheter inserted through the tracheostomy. Airflow was measured with a pneumotachograph, and sleep state was determined by behavioral, electroencephalographic, and electromyographic criteria. We found that the degree of laryngeal stimulation required to produce arousal and coughing was higher in rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep than in slow-wave sleep (SWS). Stimuli that failed to cause arousal from SWS often produced a single expiratory effort, or brief apnea (1--2 s) and bradycardia. In contrast, during REM sleep subarousal stimuli often resulted in prolonged apnea (greater than 10 s) and marked bradycardia. We conclude that during REM sleep arousal responses to laryngeal stimulation are depressed, but ventilatory and cardiac responses are intact.

Brain temperature changes coupled to sleep states persist during interleukin 1-enhanced sleep

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (1) ◽  
pp. R96-R103 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Walter ◽  
D. Davenne ◽  
S. Shoham ◽  
C. A. Dinarello ◽  
J. M. Krueger
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Brain Temperature ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Arousal State ◽  
Intraventricular Infusion ◽  
Sleep Cycles

The effects of human interleukin 1 (IL 1) on the architecture of rabbit sleep-wake cycles and brain temperature (Tbr) changes coupled to states of vigilance were examined. Cerebral intraventricular infusion of IL 1 induced increased slow-wave sleep (SWS), increased electroencephalographic slow-wave (0.5-4 Hz) amplitudes, and fever. Heat-inactivated IL 1 failed to elicit these responses. IL 1 also significantly inhibited rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep; however, inactivated IL 1 also reduced REM sleep; thus some of the IL 1-induced REM reduction may be related to the infusion process. The duration and number of sleep cycles (REM-to-REM interval) were unaffected by IL 1. Similarly, Tbr changes that normally occur during the transition from one arousal state to another remained unchanged after IL 1 infusion, even though rabbits were simultaneously febrile. We conclude that IL 1 selectively enhances SWS while leaving sleep cycles and Tbr changes coupled to states of vigilance undisturbed.

Response of genioglossus muscle activity to nasal airway occlusion in normal sleeping adults

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 347-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Kuna ◽  
J. Smickley
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Mouth Breathing ◽  
Nasal Airway ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Genioglossus Muscle ◽  
Airway Occlusion

To determine the combined effect of increased subatmospheric upper airway pressure and withdrawal of phasic volume feedback from the lung on genioglossus muscle activity, the response of this muscle to intermittent nasal airway occlusion was studied in 12 normal adult males during sleep. Nasal occlusion at end expiration was achieved by inflating balloon-tipped catheters located within the portals of a nose mask. No seal was placed over the mouth. During nose breathing in non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep, nasal airway occlusion resulted in multiple respiratory efforts before arousal. Mouth breathing was not initiated until arousal. Phasic inspiratory genioglossus activity was present in eight subjects during NREM sleep. In these subjects, comparison of peak genioglossus inspiratory activity on the first three occluded efforts to the value just before occlusion showed an increase of 4.7, 16.1, and 28.0%, respectively. The relative increases in peak genioglossus activity were very similar to respective increases in peak diaphragm activity. Arousal was associated with a large burst in genioglossus activity. During airway occlusion in rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, mouth breathing could occur without a change in sleep state. In general, genioglossus responses to airway occlusion in REM sleep were similar in pattern to those in NREM sleep. A relatively small reflex activation of upper airway muscles associated with a sudden increase in subatmospheric pressure in the potentially collapsible segment of the upper airway may help compromise upper airway patency during sleep.

Genioglossus and breathing responses to airway occlusion: effect of sleep and route of occlusion

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 543-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. Issa ◽  
P. Edwards ◽  
E. Szeto ◽  
D. Lauff ◽  
C. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Inspiratory Time ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Airway Occlusion ◽  
Pressure Changes ◽  
Occlusion Effect

We examined the effect of sleep state on the response of genioglossus muscle (EMGgg) activity to total airway occlusion applied at 1) nasal (N) airway [and thus exposing the upper airway (UAW) to pressure changes] and 2) tracheal (T) airway (thus excluding UAW from pressure changes). A total of 233 tests were performed during wakefulness (W), 98 tests in slow-wave sleep (SWS), and 72 tests in rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. Prolongation of inspiratory time (TI) of the first occluded effort occurred in all tests irrespective of behavioral state, with the greatest increase seen in awake N tests. Nasal tests augmented EMGgg activity in the first occluded breath and produced a linear increase in EMGgg during occlusion. The EMGgg activity at any given time during nasal occlusion in SWS was less than that recorded during W tests. There was a marked reduction in EMGgg response to N occlusion during REM sleep. The EMGgg activity during awake T tests was significantly less than that of N tests at any given time during occlusion. There was no relationship between the level of EMGgg activity and asphyxia in T tests performed during SWS and REM sleep. Nasal tests decreased the force generated by the inspiratory pump muscles and the central drive to breathing compared with T tests. These results confirm the important role of the UAW in regulating breathing pattern and indicate that both immediate and progressive load-compensating responses during nasal occlusion are influenced by information arising from the UAW.

Marijuana and Ethanol: Effects on Sleep

1973 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent P. Zarcone
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Rem Sleep Deprivation ◽  
The Public

Both marijuana and alcohol have effects on sleep which can be clinically important if either drug is used heavily. A number of polygraphic studies of both drugs' effect on sleep demonstrate that both are rapid eye movement (REM) sleep suppressors and that both effect the REM sleep deprivation response for days after the acute effects have ceased. Marijuana also increases slow wave sleep compared to alcohol which decreases it. The studies reviewed indicate that marijuana, like alcohol, has persisting effects on neuronal activity and presumably on its underlying neurochemical regulation. Also, the studies suggest that caution should be employed in advising the public about the use of marijuana.

scholarly journals Neural ensemble reactivation in rapid eye movement and slow-wave sleep coordinate with muscle activity to promote rapid motor skill learning

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1799) ◽  
pp. 20190655 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Eckert ◽  
B. L. McNaughton ◽  
M. Tatsuno
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Motor Skill ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Skill Learning ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
Motor Skill Learning ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement

Neural activity patterns of recent experiences are reactivated during sleep in structures critical for memory storage, including hippocampus and neocortex. This reactivation process is thought to aid memory consolidation. Although synaptic rearrangement dynamics following learning involve an interplay between slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, most physiological evidence implicates SWS directly following experience as a preferred window for reactivation. Here, we show that reactivation occurs in both REM and SWS and that coordination of REM and SWS activation on the same day is associated with rapid learning of a motor skill. We performed 6 h recordings from cells in rats' motor cortex as they were trained daily on a skilled reaching task. In addition to SWS following training, reactivation occurred in REM, primarily during the pre-task rest period, and REM and SWS reactivation occurred on the same day in rats that acquired the skill rapidly. Both pre-task REM and post-task SWS activation were coordinated with muscle activity during sleep, suggesting a functional role for reactivation in skill learning. Our results provide the first demonstration that reactivation in REM sleep occurs during motor skill learning and that coordinated reactivation in both sleep states on the same day, although at different times, is beneficial for skill learning. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Memory reactivation: replaying events past, present and future’.

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