Waking and ventilatory responses to laryngeal stimulation in sleeping dogs

1978 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 681-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Sullivan ◽  
E. Murphy ◽  
L. F. Kozar ◽  
E. A. Phillipson
Keyword(s):  
Endotracheal Tube ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Cardiac Responses ◽  
Prolonged Apnea ◽  
Sleep Arousal

We studied waking and ventilatory responses to laryngeal stimulation during sleep in three dogs. The dogs breathed through an endotracheal tube inserted caudally into the trachea through a tracheostomy. Laryngeal stimulation was produced either by inflating a small balloon that was positioned in the rostral tracheal segment, or by squirting water onto the larynx through a catheter inserted through the tracheostomy. Airflow was measured with a pneumotachograph, and sleep state was determined by behavioral, electroencephalographic, and electromyographic criteria. We found that the degree of laryngeal stimulation required to produce arousal and coughing was higher in rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep than in slow-wave sleep (SWS). Stimuli that failed to cause arousal from SWS often produced a single expiratory effort, or brief apnea (1--2 s) and bradycardia. In contrast, during REM sleep subarousal stimuli often resulted in prolonged apnea (greater than 10 s) and marked bradycardia. We conclude that during REM sleep arousal responses to laryngeal stimulation are depressed, but ventilatory and cardiac responses are intact.

Ventilatory responses to CO2 and lung inflation in tonic versus phasic REM sleep

1979 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1304-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Sullivan ◽  
E. Murphy ◽  
L. F. Kozar ◽  
E. A. Phillipson
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Lung Inflation ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Sustained Inflation ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Phasic Rem Sleep

Ventilatory responses to CO2 and to lung inflation were compared in four dogs during tonic and phasic segments of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. Phasic REM sleep (P-REM) was identified by the presence of bursts of rapid eye movements, visible muscle twitchings, and frequent phasic discharges in the nuchal electromyogram. These features were absent during tonic REM sleep (T-REM). During P-REM the response of minute volume of ventilation (VI) to progressive hypercapnia (0.58 +/- 0.19 (l/min)/Torr, mean +/- SE) was significantly less than in slow-wave sleep (SWS) (1.40 +/- 0.14; P less than 0.05). In contrast, during T-REM the response (1.48 +/- 0.19) was similar to that in SWS. Similarly, during P-REM the duration of apnea (5.9 +/- 1.5 s) elicited by sustained inflation of the lungs with 1.0 liter of air, was significantly shorter than in SWS (25.8 +/- 0.8); in contrast, during T-REM the duration of apnea (17.8 +/- 3.6) was similar to that in SWS. The results indicate that previously described decreases in VI responses to CO2 and apneic responses to lung inflation during P-REM, compared to SWS, are related to the phasic phenomena of REM sleep, rather than to the REM sleep state per se.

Composition and replay of mnemonic sequences: The contributions of REM and slow-wave sleep to episodic memory

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 610-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sen Cheng ◽  
Markus Werning
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Place Cells ◽  
Object Representations ◽  
Episodic Memories ◽  
Gamma Band Oscillations

AbstractWe propose that rapid eye movement (REM) and slow-wave sleep contribute differently to the formation of episodic memories. REM sleep is important for building up invariant object representations that eventually recur to gamma-band oscillations in the neocortex. In contrast, slow-wave sleep is more directly involved in the consolidation of episodic memories through replay of sequential neural activity in hippocampal place cells.

Chemoreceptor Function and Sleep State in Apnea

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
S. Allen Fagenholz ◽  
Kathleen O'Connell ◽  
Daniel C. Shannon
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Sudden Infant Death ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Peripheral Chemoreceptor ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Prolonged Apnea ◽  
Normal Controls ◽  
Neonatal Infants

Resting ventilation and ventilatory responses to 100% oxygen and to 5% carbon dioxide in air were measured in REM and non-REM sleep in post-neonatal infants. Normal controls were compared to infants with prolonged apnea and to siblings of sudden infant death victims. No significant differences in ventilatory responses were found between the groups. We conclude that apnea may occur in infants whose central and peripheral chemoreceptor activity is normal while they are breathing.

Brain temperature changes coupled to sleep states persist during interleukin 1-enhanced sleep

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (1) ◽  
pp. R96-R103 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Walter ◽  
D. Davenne ◽  
S. Shoham ◽  
C. A. Dinarello ◽  
J. M. Krueger
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Brain Temperature ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Arousal State ◽  
Intraventricular Infusion ◽  
Sleep Cycles

The effects of human interleukin 1 (IL 1) on the architecture of rabbit sleep-wake cycles and brain temperature (Tbr) changes coupled to states of vigilance were examined. Cerebral intraventricular infusion of IL 1 induced increased slow-wave sleep (SWS), increased electroencephalographic slow-wave (0.5-4 Hz) amplitudes, and fever. Heat-inactivated IL 1 failed to elicit these responses. IL 1 also significantly inhibited rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep; however, inactivated IL 1 also reduced REM sleep; thus some of the IL 1-induced REM reduction may be related to the infusion process. The duration and number of sleep cycles (REM-to-REM interval) were unaffected by IL 1. Similarly, Tbr changes that normally occur during the transition from one arousal state to another remained unchanged after IL 1 infusion, even though rabbits were simultaneously febrile. We conclude that IL 1 selectively enhances SWS while leaving sleep cycles and Tbr changes coupled to states of vigilance undisturbed.

Ventilatory and heart rate responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia during sleep in adults

1982 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Hedemark ◽  
R. S. Kronenberg
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Co2 Partial Pressure ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
O2 Partial Pressure

Ventilatory and heart rate responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia were measured in eight normal subjects (5 women, 3 men, ages 2213;27 yr) during wakefulness (W), slow-wave sleep (SWS), and rapid-eye-movement sleep (REM). Ventilatory responses to progressive isocapnic hypoxia were measured as k, the slope of the line relating the logarithm of incremental ventilation to alveolar O2 partial pressure (PAO2) and as the incremental ventilation at PAO2 = 40 Torr delta V 40. Values for k (mean +/- SE) were 40.5 +/- 2.4 Torr during W, 42.1 +/- 2.5 during SWS, and 29.9 +/- 2.3 (5 subj) during REM (P less than 0.02 vs. W). Comparable values for delta V 40 were 5.4 +/- 0.3, 6.3 +/- 1.0, and 5.4 +/- 0.31/min. Hypoxia increased heart rate 19 +/- 1.3% during W, 18 +/- 1.8% during SWS, and 15 +/- 2.2% during REM. Ventilatory responses to rebreathing CO2 (6 subj) were 1.7 +/- 0.3 1 X min-1 X Torr-1 during W and 1.3 +/- 0.2 during SWS. Hypercapnia consistently produced arousal from sleep in all eight subjects at levels between 6 and 15 Torr (11.2 +/- 1.1) above resting alveolar CO2 partial pressure. No consistent arousal was noted during hypoxia. Arousal occurred in 87% of the CO2-rebreathing tests compared with only 28% of the progressive isocapnic hypoxia tests (P less than 0.001). We conclude that ventilatory and heart rate responses to hypoxia and ventilatory responses to hypercapnia are not significantly altered by SWS. Arousal from sleep during hypercapnia is reproducible and predictable, but there is no consistent arousal during hypoxia.

Marijuana and Ethanol: Effects on Sleep

1973 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent P. Zarcone
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Rem Sleep Deprivation ◽  
The Public

Both marijuana and alcohol have effects on sleep which can be clinically important if either drug is used heavily. A number of polygraphic studies of both drugs' effect on sleep demonstrate that both are rapid eye movement (REM) sleep suppressors and that both effect the REM sleep deprivation response for days after the acute effects have ceased. Marijuana also increases slow wave sleep compared to alcohol which decreases it. The studies reviewed indicate that marijuana, like alcohol, has persisting effects on neuronal activity and presumably on its underlying neurochemical regulation. Also, the studies suggest that caution should be employed in advising the public about the use of marijuana.

scholarly journals Rapid eye movement sleep and slow wave sleep rebounded and related factors during positive airway pressure therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Xiang Cheng ◽  
Jiafeng Ren ◽  
Jian Qiu ◽  
Yingcong Jiang ◽  
Xianchao Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Airway Pressure ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Positive Airway Pressure ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Pressure Therapy ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and predictors of increased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep or slow wave sleep (SWS) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) following positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy. The study retrospectively analyzed data from patients with OSA who underwent both diagnostic polysomnography (PSG) and pressure titration PSG at the Tangdu Hospital Sleep Medicine Center from 2011–2016. Paired diagnostic PSG and pressure titration studies from 501 patients were included. REM rebound was predicted by a higher oxygen desaturation index, lower REM proportion, higher arousal index, lower mean pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2), higher Epworth sleepiness score and younger age (adjusted R2 = 0.482). The SWS rebound was predicted by a longer total duration of apneas and hypopneas, lower N3 duration, lower SpO2 nadir, lower REM proportion in diagnostic PSG and younger age (adjusted R2 = 0.286). Patients without REM rebound or SWS rebound had a high probability of comorbidities with insomnia and mood complaints. Some parameters (subjective and objective insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, age and OSA severity) indicate changes in REM sleep and SWS between diagnostic and titration PSG tests. Treatment of insomnia and mood disorders in patients with OSA may helpful to improve the use PAP.

scholarly journals Neural ensemble reactivation in rapid eye movement and slow-wave sleep coordinate with muscle activity to promote rapid motor skill learning

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1799) ◽  
pp. 20190655 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Eckert ◽  
B. L. McNaughton ◽  
M. Tatsuno
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Motor Skill ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Skill Learning ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
Motor Skill Learning ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement

Neural activity patterns of recent experiences are reactivated during sleep in structures critical for memory storage, including hippocampus and neocortex. This reactivation process is thought to aid memory consolidation. Although synaptic rearrangement dynamics following learning involve an interplay between slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, most physiological evidence implicates SWS directly following experience as a preferred window for reactivation. Here, we show that reactivation occurs in both REM and SWS and that coordination of REM and SWS activation on the same day is associated with rapid learning of a motor skill. We performed 6 h recordings from cells in rats' motor cortex as they were trained daily on a skilled reaching task. In addition to SWS following training, reactivation occurred in REM, primarily during the pre-task rest period, and REM and SWS reactivation occurred on the same day in rats that acquired the skill rapidly. Both pre-task REM and post-task SWS activation were coordinated with muscle activity during sleep, suggesting a functional role for reactivation in skill learning. Our results provide the first demonstration that reactivation in REM sleep occurs during motor skill learning and that coordinated reactivation in both sleep states on the same day, although at different times, is beneficial for skill learning. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Memory reactivation: replaying events past, present and future’.

Cessation of thermoregulation during REM sleep in the pocket mouse

1983 ◽  
Vol 244 (1) ◽  
pp. R114-R118 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Walker ◽  
L. E. Walker ◽  
D. V. Harris ◽  
R. J. Berger
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Brain Temperature ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Respiration Frequency ◽  
Pocket Mouse

Electrophysiological sleep patterns, respiration frequency, brain temperature (Tbr), and ear temperature (Tear) were recorded from five pocket mice (Perognathus longimembris) exposed to ambient temperatures (Ta) of 22.5, 27.5, 32.5, and 35.0 degrees C. Thermoregulation was curtailed during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, since Tbr declined following REM onsets at Ta's below thermoneutrality and increased at Ta's above thermoneutrality. Tbr subsequently returned to pre-REM levels following the termination of each REM episode. Respiratory frequency was inversely related to Ta but not as strongly during REM sleep as during slow-wave sleep (SWS). These results confirm previous reports of loss of thermoregulatory ability during REM sleep. Mean duration and proportions of wakefulness, SWS, and REM sleep were unaffected by Ta, consistent with earlier findings on ground squirrels, but differing from reports of decreased REM sleep in nonhibernators. Hibernators may have lower peripheral thermosensitivities than nonhibernators, facilitating sleep at low ambient temperatures and during entrance into hibernation.

Brain stem gigantocellular neurons: patterns of activity during behavior and sleep in the freely moving rat

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Vertes
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Cell Population ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Theta Rhythm ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Freely Moving

1. The activity of 44 single brain stem gigantocellular neurons was recorded in the freely moving rat during the following four states: quiet waking (W), waking with movement (W-M), slow-wave sleep (SWS), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. 2. Cells were classified into three groups on the basis of the states in which they maintained their highest rate of discharge. The three cell categories were: movement-REM (MOV-REM), movement (MOV), and quiet waking (QW) neurons. The MOV-REM neurons, comprising 68% of the cell population, discharged significantly more during waking-movement and REM sleep than during either W or SWS. The MOV neurons, 16% of the cells, showed significant increases in activity only when the rat moved. The QW neurons, also 16% of the cells, typically maintained high rates of discharge in the absence of movement. 3. The MOV-REM neurons were further divided into two subclasses of cells--phasically and tonically discharging neurons. The phasic MOV-REM cells appeared to participate in phasic motor events of REM sleep and corresponding movements during waking. The pattern of activity of the tonic MOV-REM neurons suggested that they may be involved in the generation and maintenance of the theta rhythm of the hippocampus during waking-movement and REM sleep. 4. No cells were found to discharge significantly more in REM sleep or SWS sleep than in the other states, (i.e., no REM or SWS selective cells were seen).

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