Neutrophil retention during a single transit through the pulmonary circulation

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 1683-1685 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Hogg ◽  
C. M. Doerschuk ◽  
B. Wiggs ◽  
D. Minshall
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Technique ◽  
Pulmonary Circulation ◽  
Gamma Camera ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Blood Sampling ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Cells ◽  
Single Pass ◽  
Human Lungs ◽  
Pass Through

Our laboratory has previously reported that 70–80% of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) are delayed with respect to erythrocytes (RBCs) in a single pass through the lungs of dogs, whereas only 5–15% of PMNs are delayed in a single pass through human lungs. Because these results were obtained using a direct blood sampling method in animals and an indirect gamma camera method in humans, the reported differences could be related to differences in measurement technique. The present study was designed to settle this question by comparing both techniques in a single species. The results show that the gamma camera technique previously used in humans underestimates the retention of PMNs with respect to RBCs during a single pass through the lung. They also show that this problem can be corrected by modifying the analysis of the data obtained using the gamma camera. We conclude that the pulmonary circulation retains PMNs with respect to RBCs to a comparable degree in animals and humans.

A method to quantitate cerebral blood flow using a rotating gamma camera and iodine-123 iodoamphetamine with one blood sampling

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidehiro Iida ◽  
Hiroshi Itoh ◽  
PeterM. Bloomfield ◽  
Masahiro Munaka ◽  
Shuichi Higano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Gamma Camera ◽  
Blood Sampling ◽  
Iodine 123

greater the probability that the particles will miss the high shear zones on a single pass through the device. For this reason the discharge of many rotor/stator devices is re-stricted with a series of holes or bars, or with a grid, which performs two separate tasks. First, a discharge grid absolutely limits the maximum particle size that can exit the mixer. If the holes on the discharge grid are 2 mm, it is virtually impossible for par-ticles larger than that diameter to pass through the machine. Rotor/stator in-line mix-ers are made with restricting grids as small as 0.5 mm, and a wide range of larger sizes up to 50 mm or even unrestricted outlets. A sample of such grids is presented in Fig. 29. But even the smallest usable discharge grid does not necessarily provide abso-lute control of the required size distributions in the range of fine dispersion. This is the second reason for the restriction on the discharge. By putting a more limiting dis-charge on the outlet, the flow rate through the device for a given set of pumping cir-cumstances (viscosity, density, system suction, and discharge head) is reduced and the residence time in the machine for a given particle or droplet is increased. The longer residence time increases the probability that a particle has to travel through the highest shearing zones and, thereby, be reduced to the smallest size that the machine is capable of producing. • • • • " ' ; • " * * «L £ J- •-

1998 ◽  
pp. 358-360
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Shear Zones ◽  
High Shear ◽  
Single Pass ◽  
Fine Dispersion ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Maximum Particle ◽  
Pass Through

Effect of method of blood sample collection on adrenal activity in farmed red deer and sheep following administration of ACTH

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Ferre ◽  
P. J. Goddard ◽  
A. J. Macdonald ◽  
C. A. Littlewood ◽  
E. I. Duff
Keyword(s):  
Blood Sample ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Blood Sampling ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Acth Stimulation ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Stimulation Tests

AbstractThe effect of method of blood sample collection (automatic blood sampling equipment (ABSE) v. manual) on cortisol and progesterone concentrations was investigated in 20 farmed red deer hinds and 20 domestic sheep ewes following dexamethasone and exogenous ACTH administration. Ten animals were subjected to either automatic sampling or manual sampling via jugular venipuncture in 1 week, with the treatment groups reversed in the 2nd week. The ABSE was programmed to collect a blood sample, then deliver 2 mg dexamethasone, collect a further blood sample 120 min later and then inject 100 fig ACTH. Thereafter, samples were collected at 15-min intervals during a 2·5 h period (12 samples in total). In the manual injection and sampling treatment, four samples were collected: (1) before dexamethasone administration, (2) before ACTH administration, (3) 60 min after ACTH administration, and (4) 150 min after ACTH administration. The success rate of blood sampling with ABSE was 80%. The overall mean packed cell volume (PCV) from samples collected by ABSE from both hinds and ewes was significantly lower than that from samples collected manually (P < 0·01) and PCV declined with time in manually sampled animals (P < 0·01). Plasma cortisol concentrations peaked at 45 min after ACTH administration in sheep and deer. In sheep, there was a marked fluctuation in the plasma cortisol concentrations with time. Both deer and sheep showed a reduced cortisol response to ACTH during week 2 irrespective of sampling method suggesting down-regulation of the response to ACTH. Maximum mean plasma progesterone concentration was reached at 15 to 30 min after ACTH administration. No significant differences in cortisol and progesterone responses due to blood sampling method were found in animals receiving prior dexamethasone treatment. This demonstrates that the ABSE has the ability to be used to effectively conduct ACTH stimulation tests without the need to handle the animals during the test.

scholarly journals Dried Blood Spot Analysis Suitable for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Voriconazole, Fluconazole, and Posaconazole

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 4999-5004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim C. M. van der Elst ◽  
Lambert F. R. Span ◽  
Kai van Hateren ◽  
Karin M. Vermeulen ◽  
Tjip S. van der Werf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring ◽  
Drug Monitoring ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Blood Sampling ◽  
Dried Blood Spot ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Venous Blood Sampling ◽  
Blood Spot

ABSTRACTInvasive aspergillosis and candidemia are important causes of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised and critically ill patients. The triazoles voriconazole, fluconazole, and posaconazole are widely used for the treatment and prophylaxis of these fungal infections. Due to the variability of the pharmacokinetics of the triazoles among and within individual patients, therapeutic drug monitoring is important for optimizing the efficacy and safety of antifungal treatment. A dried blood spot (DBS) analysis was developed and was clinically validated for voriconazole, fluconazole, and posaconazole in 28 patients. Furthermore, a questionnaire was administered to evaluate the patients' opinions of the sampling method. The DBS analytical method showed linearity over the concentration range measured for all triazoles. Results for accuracy and precision were within accepted ranges; samples were stable at room temperature for at least 12 days; and different hematocrit values and blood spot volumes had no significant influence. The ratio of the drug concentration in DBS samples to that in plasma was 1.0 for voriconazole and fluconazole and 0.9 for posaconazole. Sixty percent of the patients preferred DBS analysis as a sampling method; 15% preferred venous blood sampling; and 25% had no preferred method. There was significantly less perception of pain with the DBS sampling method (P= 0.021). In conclusion, DBS analysis is a reliable alternative to venous blood sampling and can be used for therapeutic drug monitoring of voriconazole, fluconazole, and posaconazole. Patients were satisfied with DBS sampling and had less pain than with venous sampling. Most patients preferred DBS sampling to venous blood sampling.

Distributions of an ultra-fine 99 Tc m aerosol and 81 Kr m gas in human lungs compared using a gamma camera

1986 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
R N Arnot ◽  
W M Burch ◽  
D G Orfanidou ◽  
M E Gwilliam ◽  
V R Aber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Camera ◽  
Human Lungs

The effect of blood sampling method on indicators of physiological stress in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)

2004 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Säkkinen ◽  
J. Tornbeg ◽  
P.J. Goddard ◽  
E. Eloranta ◽  
E. Ropstad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Blood Sampling ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus Tarandus

scholarly journals Detoxification of Hazardous Waste Streams Using Microwave-Assisted Fluid-Bed Oxidation

1990 ◽  
Vol 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Varma ◽  
S. P. Nandi ◽  
J. D. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Microwave Cavity ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Thermal Methods ◽  
Single Pass ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Air Stream ◽  
Fluid Bed ◽  
Pass Through

ABSTRACTMicrowave-assisted oxidation of trichloroethane (TCE) performed at 500-580°C has been found to be significantly more efficient than conventional oxidation methods. Experiments were conducted using a 6 kW, 2.45 GHz power supply and a 6 inch bed of silicon carbide granules in a 1 inch diameter quartz reactor tube which in turn was placed in a microwave cavity. After heating the reactor to a given temperature a TCE-air stream was passed through the silicon carbide bed. TCE was almost completely detoxified (98-99%) in a single pass through the silicon carbide bed at 500-580°C. The oxidation products are HC1, CO2 and CO. By comparison the corresponding single-pass detoxification using conventional thermal methods results in only partial conversion. The principal products being dichloroethylene (C2H2C12) and HCl.

scholarly journals 389. Analysis of Variable Factor in rCBF Measurement Using IMP-SPECT & Arterial Blood Sampling Method

1990 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1360
Author(s):  
Tatsuhiko Ashihara ◽  
Tohru Kida ◽  
Seiji Wake ◽  
Kazuyoshi Kitano ◽  
Ryuji Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Blood Sampling ◽  
Arterial Blood Sampling ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Variable Factor ◽  
Rcbf Measurement

Leukocyte and platelet margination within microvasculature of rabbit lungs

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 1956-1961 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Doerschuk ◽  
G. P. Downey ◽  
D. E. Doherty ◽  
D. English ◽  
R. P. Gie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Pulmonary Circulation ◽  
Blood Velocity ◽  
Indicator Dilution ◽  
Dilution Technique ◽  
Central Venous ◽  
Indicator Dilution Technique ◽  
Transit Times ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Pass Through

These studies compare the behavior of radiolabeled neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets during their first pass through the pulmonary circulation after a central venous injection and their distribution within the circulation 10 min later. Their first pass through the pulmonary circulation was compared with erythrocytes (RBCs) using the indicator-dilution technique, and their recovery within the circulation of the lung and other organs was determined at 10 min by counting the radioisotopes in each organ. The extraction of each cell relative to RBCs during the first pass through the lung correlated with cell size in that the neutrophils (volume 107-140 fl) showed 97.6 +/- 0.6% extraction, monocytes (volume 80-105 fl) showed 91.4 +/- 1.7% extraction, lymphocytes (volume 36-75 fl) showed 80.1 +/- 4.4% extraction, and platelets (volume 4-7 fl) showed 33.1 +/- 3.9% extraction. After 10 min of circulation, the proportion of injected cells remaining in the lung was similar for neutrophils and monocytes (27.4 +/- 1.8 vs. 31.4 +/- 1.6%) but lower for lymphocytes (18.6 +/- 2.9%) and platelets (3.1 +/- 0.5%). All of the leukocytes were found to have a substantial marginated pool within the lung, whereas the platelets did not. The exchange between the circulating and marginated pools of leukocytes in the lung was related to blood velocity, with the least retention occurring in lung regions with shortest RBC transit times. We conclude that cell size is a major factor determining the time that cells will be delayed by the pulmonary microvasculature.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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