Comparison of effects of exercise and hyperventilation on leukocyte kinetics in humans

1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 2425-2428 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Fairbarn ◽  
S. P. Blackie ◽  
R. L. Pardy ◽  
J. C. Hogg
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Mechanical Effect ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Wbc Count ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
Isocapnic Hyperpnea ◽  
End Tidal Co2

The circulating leukocyte (WBC) count increases with exercise, because WBCs enter the circulation from the marginated pool. The lung is a major source of the demarginating cells, but it is unclear whether this occurs because of increased ventilatory movements, increased cardiac output, or both. The present study examined the mechanical effect of ventilation (VE) in six healthy men with three different protocols on three separate occasions. First, the subjects cycled for 5-min intervals at 50, 100, 150, and 200 W, and we measured heart rate (HR), minute ventilation (VE), tidal volume (VT), respiratory rate, and end-tidal CO2. Second, each subject reproduced his exercise VE by matching VT, respiratory rate, and end-tidal CO2 on a circuit designed for isocapnic hyperpnea (matched VE). The subjects then performed a hyperventilation (hyper-VE) protocol with a minimum VT of 1.5 liters and a respiratory rate of 20 breaths/min. Blood samples were drawn at rest and throughout each protocol for measurement of WBCs, hematocrit, and band cells. During cycling, VE increased (9 +/- 1 to 66 +/- 7 l/min), HR increased (71 +/- 7 to 172 +/- 10 beats/min), and WBCs increased (5.5 +/- 0.9 to 7.8 +/- 1.3 x 10(9)/l). During matched VE, VE increased (11 +/- 2 to 69 +/- 11 l/min), but neither HR nor WBCs increased (67 +/- 13 to 78 +/- 12 beats/min and 5.3 +/- 1.6 to 5.7 +/- 1.5 x 10(9)/l, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Developmental pattern of hypercapnic and hypoxic ventilatory responses from childhood to adulthood

1994 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 314-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Marcus ◽  
W. B. Glomb ◽  
D. J. Basinski ◽  
S. L. Davidson ◽  
T. G. Keens
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Developmental Pattern ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
Arterial O2 Saturation

The developmental pattern of ventilatory responses, through childhood and puberty into adulthood, is not known. Therefore we studied hypercapnic (HCVR) and hypoxic ventilatory responses (HOVR) in 59 subjects (29 males and 30 females) 4–49 yr of age, of whom 35 were children ( < 18 yr old). There was a significant correlation between HCVR and weight (r = 0.33, P < 0.02), vital capacity (r = 0.30, P < 0.05), and body surface area (r = 0.30, P < 0.05) but not height (r = 0.22, NS). There was no correlation between HOVR and any of the correcting factors. To account for disparities in body size, volume-related results were scaled for body weight. The HCVR corrected for weight (HCVR/WT) decreased with age (r = -0.57, P < 0.001). HCVR/WT was significantly higher in children than in adults (0.056 +/- 0.024 vs. 0.032 +/- 0.015 l.kg-1 x min-1. Torr end-tidal PCO2-1, P < 0.001). The (tidal volume/inspiratory duration)/weight, respiratory rate, and heart rate responses to hypercapnia were increased in the children, and the CO2 threshold was lower (36 +/- 5 vs. 40 +/- 6 Torr, P < 0.05). Similarly, the HOVR corrected for weight (HOVR/WT) decreased with age (r = 0.34, P < 0.05), and HOVR/WT was significantly higher in children than in adults (-0.035 +/- 0.017 vs. -0.024 +/- 0.016 l.kg-1 x min-1.% arterial O2 saturation-1, P < 0.02). The respiratory rate and heart rate responses to hypoxia were increased in the children. We conclude that rebreathing HCVR and HOVR are higher during childhood than during adulthood.

scholarly journals Quantitative end-tidal CO2 can predict increase in heart rate during infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Heliyon ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. e01871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina N. Stine ◽  
Josh Koch ◽  
L. Steven Brown ◽  
Lina Chalak ◽  
Vishal Kapadia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
End Tidal Co2

Ventilatory response to exercise in diabetic subjects with autonomic neuropathy

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 1978-1986 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Tantucci ◽  
P. Bottini ◽  
M. L. Dottorini ◽  
E. Puxeddu ◽  
G. Casucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Autonomic Neuropathy ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Inhibitory Modulation ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
And Control ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Maximal Voluntary Ventilation

Tantucci, C., P. Bottini, M. L. Dottorini, E. Puxeddu, G. Casucci, L. Scionti, and C. A. Sorbini. Ventilatory response to exercise in diabetic subjects with autonomic neuropathy. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(5): 1978–1986, 1996.—We have used diabetic autonomic neuropathy as a model of chronic pulmonary denervation to study the ventilatory response to incremental exercise in 20 diabetic subjects, 10 with (Dan+) and 10 without (Dan−) autonomic dysfunction, and in 10 normal control subjects. Although both Dan+ and Dan− subjects achieved lower O2 consumption and CO2 production (V˙co 2) than control subjects at peak of exercise, they attained similar values of either minute ventilation (V˙e) or adjusted ventilation (V˙e/maximal voluntary ventilation). The increment of respiratory rate with increasing adjusted ventilation was much higher in Dan+ than in Dan− and control subjects ( P < 0.05). The slope of the linearV˙e/V˙co 2relationship was 0.032 ± 0.002, 0.027 ± 0.001 ( P < 0.05), and 0.025 ± 0.001 ( P < 0.001) ml/min in Dan+, Dan−, and control subjects, respectively. Both neuromuscular and ventilatory outputs in relation to increasingV˙co 2 were progressively higher in Dan+ than in Dan− and control subjects. At peak of exercise, end-tidal [Formula: see text] was much lower in Dan+ (35.9 ± 1.6 Torr) than in Dan− (42.1 ± 1.7 Torr; P < 0.02) and control (42.1 ± 0.9 Torr; P < 0.005) subjects. We conclude that pulmonary autonomic denervation affects ventilatory response to stressful exercise by excessively increasing respiratory rate and alveolar ventilation. Reduced neural inhibitory modulation from sympathetic pulmonary afferents and/or increased chemosensitivity may be responsible for the higher inspiratory output.

Sonomicrometric regional diaphragmatic shortening in awake sheep after thoracic surgery

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 2357-2368 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Torres ◽  
W. R. Kimball ◽  
J. Qvist ◽  
K. Stanek ◽  
R. M. Kacmarek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thoracic Surgery ◽  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Respiratory Frequency ◽  
Quiet Breathing ◽  
Transdiaphragmatic Pressure ◽  
Right Thoracotomy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
End Tidal Co2

Through a right thoracotomy in seven sheep we chronically implanted sonomicrometry crystals and electromyographic electrodes in the costal and crural diaphragmatic regions. Awake sheep were studied during recovery for 4-6 wk, both during quiet breathing (QB) and during CO2 rebreathing. Tidal volume, respiratory frequency, and esophageal and gastric pressures were studied before and after surgery. Normalized resting length (LFRC) was significantly decreased for the costal segment on postoperative day 1 compared with postoperative day 28. Fractional costal shortening both during QB and at 10% end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) increased significantly from postoperative days 1 to 28, whereas crural shortening did not change during QB but progressively increased at 10% ETCO2. Maximal costal shortening during electrophrenic stimulation was constant at 40% LFRC during recovery, although maximal crural shortening increased from 23 to 32% LFRC. Minute ventilation, tidal volume, and transdiaphragmatic pressure at 10% ETCO2 increased progressively after thoracotomy until postoperative day 28. Our results suggest there is profound diaphragmatic inhibition after thoracotomy and crystal implantation in sheep that requires at least 3-4 wk for stable recovery.

Breath-by-breath respiratory timing and volume control during periodic breathing

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (3) ◽  
pp. R653-R660
Author(s):  
D. W. Carley ◽  
C. Maayan ◽  
J. Grimes ◽  
D. C. Shannon
Keyword(s):  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Periodic Breathing ◽  
Respiratory Pattern ◽  
Volume Control ◽  
Cycle Duration ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
The Mean ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
End Tidal Co2

We examined the control of respiratory pattern during non-rapid-eye-movement sleep-related periodic breathing (PB) in adults, with and without hypoxia. We analyzed 186 cycles of PB from 18 epochs occurring in eight subjects; the mean (+/- SD) cycle duration was 30.8 +/- 8.4 s. Significant oscillations occurred in inspired tidal volume (VT), inspiratory duration (TI), mean inspired flow, inspired minute ventilation, and expiratory duration (TE) (P less than 0.005). For each epoch of PB, moving cross-correlation (MCC) functions were employed to describe the time-dependent intervariable relationships between 1) TI vs. TE, 2) VT vs. TE, and 3) VT vs. breath duration (TT) as synchronization, a strong and consistent intervariable correlation; relative coordination (RC), a weaker interaction characterized by an unstable MCC function oscillating at a subharmonic of the PB frequency; or as independence, with no statistical evidence of interaction. Fourteen epochs showed RC between TI and TE, 11 and 12 of which also showed RC between VT and TE, and VT and TT, respectively. In 4 epochs negative synchronization was exhibited by all three variable pairs. In no case were the oscillations between any pair of variables independent. The modes of coupling between variables were not correlated to O2 saturation, end-tidal CO2 levels, or inspired O2 level. We conclude that during sleep-related PB a nonrandom but weak coupling usually exists between TI and TE, VT and TE, and VT and TT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The Role of Hyperleukocytosis in Predicting the Severity of Pertussis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Ying Wu ◽  
chuan gan
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Clinical Analysis ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Wbc Count ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background: Few reports have described the relationship between WBC count and the severity of pertussis or the timing of ET in patients with hyperleukocytosis.Methods: A retrospective clinical analysis of infants with pertussis and a WBC exceeding 30*10^9/L was performed.Results: A total of 158 patients were enrolled in the study. There were significant differences in the clinical manifestations of cyanosis, fever, highest respiratory rate, and highest heart rate. There were significant differences in all complications except for pulmonary hypertension. In laboratory findings, there were significant differences in organ damage (myocardial markers, ALT), increased inflammation indicators (CRP, PCT), and the incidence of combined bacterial infections. There were significant differences in ICU stay length, mechanical ventilation use, days hospitalized, days until cough relief and days until the WBC fell below 25*10^9/L. A WBC count >55.38 *10^9/L was calculated as the cutoff value with 88.2% sensitivity and 23.4% specificity in predicting ET. A respiratory rate of 59 breaths/min had 94.1% sensitivity and 36.7% specificity in predicting ET. A heart rate of 159 beats/min had 100% sensitivity and 38.1% specificity in predicting ET.Conclusion: WBC count is related to the severity of pertussis. We recommend that ET is considered when the patient’s WBC count exceeds 55*10^9/L, breathing exceeds 60 breaths/min, and/or heart rate exceeds 160 beats/min.

Volume, flow, and timing of each breath during negative airway pressure in humans

1981 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 552-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Hirsch ◽  
B. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Airway Pressure ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Multiple Components ◽  
Respiratory Events ◽  
Inspiratory Activity ◽  
Expiratory Flow ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
Negative Airway Pressure ◽  
End Tidal Co2

We have analyzed the effects of 4-6 min of 5, 10 and 15 cmH2O continuous negative airway pressure breathing (NPB) on steady-state end-expiratory lung volume (delta VR) and breathing pattern. Fourteen healthy adults, seated in a full body box, breathed via a mouthpiece on a bag-in-box. Pressure in the body box was elevated to the desired pressure level. Inspiratory (TI) and expiratory (TE) durations, tidal volume (VT), minute ventilation (VI), mean inspiratory flow (VT/TI), and mean expiratory flow (VT/TE) were calculated from pneumotachometer recordings. The effects of NPB are decreases in delta VR, VT, and VT/TI and increases in VT/TE. The responses to NPB are an increase in breathing frequency, due to a shortened TE, and an increase in inspiratory activity. The decrease in delta VR and the increase in VT/TE are limited by an active retardation of expiratory flow. End-tidal CO2 and VI were not altered significantly during NPB, suggesting no alveolar hyperventilation. Thus multiple components of the human response to NPB are not all engaged at the same levels of NPB. The changes in the timing of respiratory events occur at -5 cmH2O, whereas VT compensation is not seen until -15 cmH2O.

Ventilatory Response to Hypercapnia as Experimental Model to Study Effects of Oxycodone on Respiratory Depression

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn R. Webster ◽  
Erik Hansen ◽  
Gregory J. Stoddard ◽  
Austin Rynders ◽  
David Ostler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Depression ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Post Dose ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
End Tidal Co2

Background: Opioid analgesics used to treat pain can cause respiratory depression. However, this effect has not been extensively studied, and life- threatening, opioid-induced respiratory depression remains difficult to predict. We tested the ventilatory response to hypercapnia for evaluating the pharmacodynamic effect of a drug on respiratory depression. Methods: We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover, study in 12 healthy adult males. Subjects received 2 treatments (placebo and immediate-release oxycodone 30 mg) separated by a 24-hour washout period. Subjects inhaled a mixture of 7% carbon dioxide, 21% oxygen, and 72% nitrogen for 5 minutes to assess respiratory depression. Minute ventilation, respiratory rate, tidal volume, flow rate, end-tidal CO2, and oxygen saturation were recorded continuously at pre-dose and 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes post-dose. The primary endpoint was the effect on ventilatory response to hypercapnia at 60 minutes post-dose, as assessed by the slope of the linear relationship between minute ventilation and end-tidal CO2. Results: At 60 minutes post-dose, subjects had a mean slope of 2.4 in the oxycodone crossover period, compared to 0.1 in the placebo period (mean difference, 2.3; 95%CI: 0.2 to 4.5; p = 0.035). Statistical significance was likewise achieved at the secondary time points (30, 120, and 180 minutes post-dose, p <0.05). Conclusions: This model for testing ventilatory response to hypercapnia discriminated the effect of 30 mg of oxycodone vs. placebo for up to 3 hours after a single dose. It may serve as a method to predict the relative effect of a drug on respiratory depression.

Spontaneous Ventilation with Halothane in Children

1995 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 674-678. ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Reignier ◽  
Mondher Ben Ameur ◽  
Claude Ecoffey
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Endotracheal Tube ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Phase Delay ◽  
Spontaneous Ventilation ◽  
Endotracheal Tubes ◽  
Neurologic Disorders ◽  
Minor Surgery ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
End Tidal Co2

Background It has been reported that, in children breathing spontaneously via an endotracheal tube, halothane depresses ventilation with paradoxic inspiratory movement. Endotracheal tubes have a higher airflow resistance than do laryngeal mask airways (LMAs). Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare spontaneous ventilation via the LMA with that via the endotracheal tube in children anesthetized with halothane. Methods The authors studied two groups of 6-24-month-old children with no cardiorespiratory and neurologic disorders, undergoing elective minor surgery with halothane anesthesia: one group breathing via LMA (n = 10) and one group breathing via endotracheal tube (n = 10). They measured tidal volume, respiratory rate, minute ventilation, and end-tidal CO2. They assessed paradoxic inspiratory movement using amplitude index and phase delay index. Results Age and weight were similar in both groups. Mean +/- SD tidal volume (7.5 +/- 1.9 ml/kg in the LMA group vs. 5.3 +/- 1.1 ml/kg in the endotracheal tube group; P &lt; 0.05) and minute ventilation (325 +/- 105 ml.min-1.kg-1 in the LMA group vs. 246 +/- 38 ml.min-1.kg-1 in the endotracheal tube group; P &lt; 0.05) were lower in the endotracheal tube group. The phase delay index (18 +/- 11% in the LMA group vs. 41 +/- 19% in the endotracheal tube group; P &lt; 0.05) and the amplitude index (25 +/- 43% in the LMA group vs. 74 +/- 72% in the endotracheal tube group; P &lt; 0.05) were significantly smaller with the LMA than with the endotracheal tube. Conclusions In 6-24-month-old children anesthetized with halothane, paradoxic inspiratory movement is less when breathing through an LMA than through an endotracheal tube.

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