Quantitation of Lymphatic Drainage of the Peritoneal Cavity in Sheep: Comparison of Direct Cannulation Techniques with Indirect Methods to Estimate L Ymph Flow

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 270-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Tran ◽  
Helen Rodela ◽  
John B. Hay ◽  
Dimitrios Oreopoulos ◽  
Miles G. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Lymph Drainage ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Drainage Fluid ◽  
Peritoneal Drainage ◽  
Ultrafiltration Failure ◽  
Lymph Duct ◽  
The Right

Objective It has been suggested that lymphatics may contribute to ultrafiltration failure in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) byabsorbing dialysate and ultrafiltrate from the peritoneal cavity. In most studies lymphatic drainage has been estimated from the disappearance of an instilled tracer from the peritoneal cavity or estimated from the appearance of an intraperitoneally administered tracer in the bloodstream. However, in sheep it is possible to cannulate several of the relevant lymphatics that drain the peritoneal cavity and assess lymph drainage parameters directly. The purpose of this study was to estimate lymph drainage from the peritoneal cavity in sheep using the disappearance of tracer from the cavity and the appearance of intraperitoneally instilled tracer in the bloodstream and to compare these results with those obtained from our previous studies using cannulation techniques. Design Experiments were performed in anesthetized and nonanesthetized animals. Volumes of 50 mL/kg of Dianeal 4.25% containing 25 μCi of 1251-albumin were infused into the peritoneal cavity. Results In anesthetized sheep the calculated peritoneal lymph drainage from monitoring the disappearance of tracer from the peritoneal cavity over 6 hours was 1.873±0.364 mL/kg/hour. Monitoring the appearance of tracer in the blood gave significantly lower peritoneal lymph flow rates of 1.094±0.241 mL/kg/hour. Directly measured lymph flow rates from our earlier publication were lower still and ranged from 0.156±0.028 -0.265±0.049 mL/hour/kg, depending on how we estimated the right lymph duct contribution to peritoneal drainage, since we could not cannulate this vessel. We repeated these experiments in conscious sheep. The value for lymph flow estimated from the disappearance of tracer from the peritoneal cavity was 2.398±0.617 mL/hour/kg and from the appearance of tracer in the blood, 1.424±0.113 mL/ hour/kg. The1ymph flow rates monitored from indwelling lymphatic catheters ranged from 1.021 ±0.186 -1.523±0.213 mL/hour/kg (again, depending on our estimates for the right lymph duct). Conclusions Lymph flow rates measured from indwelling lymphatic catheters provided the most conservative values for lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity under dialysis conditions. Estimates of lymphatic drainage based on the appearance of tracer in the blood gave values that were on average higher. The method using the disappearance of tracer from the cavity to estimate lymph flows overestimated peritoneal lymph drainage. Fluid was lost from the peritoneal cavity, and the estimated proportion of liquid lost through lymphatic drainage depended on the technique used to measure lymph flow rates.

Reduced Lymphatic Drainage of Dialysate from the Peritoneal Cavity during Acute Peritonitis in Sheep

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Rodela ◽  
Zheng-Yi Yuan ◽  
John B. Hay ◽  
Dimitrios G. Oreopoulos ◽  
Miles G. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Node ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Lymph Drainage ◽  
Total Recovery ◽  
Acute Peritonitis ◽  
Conscious Sheep ◽  
The Right

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute peritonitis on lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity in conscious sheep Design Peritonitis was induced with the addition of 1% casein or 1% albumin to the dialysis solution. Thirty sheep (5 groups of 6) were used in this study. One group received 50 mL/kg intraperitoneal infusions of Dianeal 4.25% (486 mOsm/L); a second group received 1% casein-DianeaI4.25% (493 mOsm/L); a third group received 1% albumin-Dianeal 4.25% (487 mOsm/L). In the fourth and fifth groups (controls and casein-injected) lymph was collected from the caudal mediastinal lymph node and the thoracic duct, both of which are involved in the lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity (peritonitis induced with casein). 1251-human serum albumin (25 μCi) was added to the dialysate as the lymph flow marker. Lymph drainage was estimated from (1) the appearance of the intraperitoneally administered tracer in the blood; (2) the disappearance of the tracer from the peritoneal cavity; and (3) the recovery of tracer in lymph. Results In noncannulated animals the cumulative volume removed by lymphatics over 6 hours (based on tracer recovery in blood) was 10.5 ±1.0 mL/kg in control animals versus 5.0 ± 0.6 mL/kg and 8.6 ± 1.2 mL/kg in casein and albumin-infused sheep, respectively. The suggestion of decreased lymph drainage in peritonitis was supported by the cannulation experiments. While the cumulative fluid removed from the peritoneal cavity over 6 hours in caudal lymph was unaffected by peritonitis (3.8 ± 0.4 mL/kg in controls vs 3.6 ± 0.5 mL/kg in casein injected animals), peritonitis reduced flow into the thoracic duct from 3.0 ± 0.3 to 1.1 ± 0.3 mL/kg. The sum of the volume removed in lymph in the cannulated preparations was 6.8 ± 0.4 mL/kg in controls versus 4.7 ± 0.5 mL/kg in the peritonitis group. The total volume removed from the cavity (including an estimate of flow based on the residual recovery of tracer in blood) was reduced from 12.6 ±1.4 in controls to 7.8 ± 0.6 mL/kg in the peritonitis sheep. In contrast, estimates of lymph drainage based on the disappearance of tracer from the peritoneal cavity suggested that lymph drainage increased (from 16.6 ±1.6 mL/kg in controls to 17.8 ±1.5 mL/kg and 25.5 ±1.7 mL/kg in the casein and albumin groups, respectively, in noncannulated animals and from 15.3 ± 1.4 mL/kg in controls to 25.0 ± 1.7 mL/kg in the cannulated group). In both noncannulated and cannulated sheep the total recovery of tracer was less in the peritonitis groups. Conclusions These studies demonstrated that lymph drainage of the peritoneal space was decreased in a casein peritonitis model. The decrease in lymph drainage is most obvious in the visceral pathway leading to the thoracic duct; however, diaphragmatic drainage into the right lymph duct may also be inhibited. The disappearance of tracer from the peritoneal cavity was elevated during peritonitis. Tracer disappearance has been used to estimate lymph drainage, but this approach suggested, incorrectly, that lymph flow had increased.

51Cr-RBCs and 125I-albumin as markers to estimate lymph drainage of the peritoneal cavity in sheep

1994 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 867-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Y. Yuan ◽  
H. Rodela ◽  
J. B. Hay ◽  
D. Oreopoulos ◽  
M. G. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Node ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Lymph Drainage ◽  
Ringer Lactate ◽  
Tracer Concentration ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Lymph Duct ◽  
Conscious Sheep

The purpose of this study was to compare the use of 125I-labeled human serum albumin (125I-HSA) and autologous 51Cr-labeled red blood cells (51Cr-RBCs) as lymph flow markers to estimate lymph drainage of the peritoneal cavity in conscious sheep. In one group, we assessed lymph drainage from the appearance of intraperitoneally administered tracer in the bloodstream. To determine distribution of drainage into discrete lymph compartments, in a second group of studies, lymph was collected from the caudal mediastinal lymph node and the thoracic duct, both of which are involved in lymphatic drainage of the ovine peritoneal cavity. Ringer lactate solution (50 ml/kg) containing 8–10 microCi each of 125I-HSA and 51Cr-RBCs was infused into the peritoneal cavity. Lymph drainage was calculated by dividing the change in mass of tracer in the blood or lymph compartments by the average intraperitoneal tracer concentration. In noncannulated animals, lymph drainage averaged over 6 h was higher with 125I-HSA as tracer (1.35 +/- 0.12 vs. 0.62 +/- 0.19 ml.h-1.kg-1 with 51Cr-RBCs). A similar pattern was noted in terms of drainage into the caudal lymphatic (0.89 +/- 0.23 and 0.52 +/- 0.19 ml.h-1.kg-1 with 125I-HSA and 51Cr-RBCs, respectively) and thoracic duct (0.16 +/- 0.06 and 0.05 +/- 0.02 ml.h-1.kg-1 with 125I-HSA and 51Cr-RBCs, respectively). Analysis of 125I-HSA and 51Cr-RBC concentrations in lymph and intraperitoneal fluid suggested sieving of RBCs at the diaphragmatic stomata or lymph nodes. Using 125I-HSA as tracer and combining data from noncannulated and cannulated sheep, we estimated peritoneal lymph drainage to be 1.35 ml.h-1.kg-1, with 66% of this flow drained by the caudal vessel, 22% by the parasternal pathway (right lymph duct), and 12% by the thoracic duct.

Stimulation of regional lymphatic and blood flow by epicutaneous oxazolone

2002 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 966-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chufa He ◽  
Alan J. Young ◽  
Charles A. West ◽  
Mei Su ◽  
Moritz A. Konerding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Vascular Network ◽  
Corrosion Casting ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Clinical Appearance ◽  
Early Increase ◽  
Lymph Duct

The application of the epicutaneous antigen oxazolone results in persistent induration and erythema; however, the relative changes in lymph and blood flow in the inflammatory skin are largely unknown. To define the contribution of lymph and blood flow to the clinical appearance of cutaneous inflammation, we studied the sheep ear after the application of oxazolone. As a model for the study of these changes, the sheep ear had several experimental advantages: 1) a simplified superficial vascular network, 2) defined lymphatic drainage, and 3) an avascular and alymphatic cartilaginous barrier. Lymph flow was continuously monitored by cannulation of the prescapular efferent lymph duct. Blood flow, as reflected by cutaneous erythema, was noninvasively measured by use of a visible-spectrum spectrophotometer. The application of the epicutaneous oxazolone resulted in increased ear thickness for >7 days. The lymph flow from the oxazolone-stimulated ear peaked between 24 and 48 h after oxazolone stimulation. Spectrophotometric evaluation indicated that the cutaneous erythema peaked 72–96 h after application of oxazolone. Corrosion casting and scanning electron microscopy of the microcirculation at 96 h after antigen stimulation demonstrated significant dilatation of the superficial vascular network. These results suggest a biphasic response to oxazolone stimulation: 1) an early increase in vascular permeability associated with increased lymph flow and 2) a subsequent increase in relative blood flow associated with a dilated inflammatory microcirculation.

Differences in lymph drainage between swollen and non-swollen regions in arms with breast-cancer-related lymphoedema

2001 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. B. STANTON ◽  
W. E. SVENSSON ◽  
R. H. MELLOR ◽  
A. M. PETERS ◽  
J. R. LEVICK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Lymph Drainage ◽  
Lymphatic Function ◽  
Γ Radiation ◽  
Image Width ◽  
Proximal Forearm

Recent research indicates that the pathophysiology of breast-cancer-related lymphoedema (BCRL) is more complex than simple axillary lymphatic obstruction as a result of the cancer treatment. Uneven distribution of swelling (involvement of the mid-arm region is common, but the hand is often spared) is puzzling. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that local differences in lymphatic drainage contribute to the regionality of the oedema. Using lymphoscintigraphy, we measured the removal rate constant, k (representing local lymph flow per unit distribution volume, VD), for 99mTc-labelled human immunoglobulin G in the oedematous proximal forearm, and in the hand (finger web) in women in whom the hand was unaffected. Tracer was injected subcutaneously, and the depot plus the rest of the arm was monitored with a γ-radiation camera for up to 6 h. VD was assessed from image width. Contralateral arms served as controls. k was 25% lower in oedematous forearm tissue than in the control arm (BCRL, -0.070±0.026%·min-1; control, -0.093±0.028%·min-1; mean±S.D.; P = 0.012) and VD was greater. In the non-oedematous hand of the BCRL arm, k was 18% higher than in the control hand (BCRL, -0.110±0.027%·min-1; control, -0.095±0.028%·min-1; P = 0.057) and 59% higher than forearm k on the BCRL side (P = 0.0014). VD did not differ between the hands. Images of the BCRL arm following hand injection showed diffuse activity in the superficial tissues, sometimes extending almost to the shoulder. A possible interpretation is that the hand is spared in some patients because local lymph flow is increased and diverted along collateral dermal routes. The results support the hypothesis that regional differences in surviving lymphatic function contribute to the distribution of swelling.

Absorption of serum from the peritoneal cavity

1960 ◽  
Vol 199 (6) ◽  
pp. 1021-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry E. Raybuck ◽  
Lane Allen ◽  
W. S. Harms
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Peritoneal Surface ◽  
Peritoneal Drainage ◽  
Homologous Serum ◽  
Heterologous Serum

The subserous lymphatic plexus on the peritoneal surface of the diaphragm was obliterated to study the removal of protein from the peritoneal cavity in the absence of lymphatic drainage. Cats weighing between 2 and 3 kg were used for this study. Homologous and heterologous serum was injected into the peritoneal cavity of lightly anesthetized animals. In control animals the absorption of 50 ml of homologous serum was complete in 9 hours, and absorption of 50 ml of heterologous serum required 24–36 hours. Cats in which lymphatic peritoneal drainage had been experimentally obstructed showed an increase in time interval for absorption of injection serums. Under this condition 144 hours was required for absorption of heterologous serum and 72 hours for homologous serum.

Lymphatic drainage of hypertonic solution from peritoneal cavity of anesthetized and conscious sheep

1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 859-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Tran ◽  
H. Rodela ◽  
N. J. Abernethy ◽  
Z. Y. Yuan ◽  
J. B. Hay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Peritoneal Fluid ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Node ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Hypertonic Solution ◽  
Dialysis Solution ◽  
Conscious Sheep ◽  
The Right

Lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity may reduce ultrafiltration in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. We assessed lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity in sheep under dialysis conditions by cannulation of the relevant lymphatic vessels and compared lymphatic drainage in anesthetized and conscious animals. Lymph was collected from the caudal mediastinal lymph node and the thoracic duct, both of which are involved in the lymphatic drainage of the ovine peritoneal cavity. Volumes of a hypertonic dialysis solution (50 ml/kg 4.25% Dianeal) containing 25 microCi 125I-human serum albumin were instilled into the peritoneal cavity, and lymph flows and the appearance of labeled protein in the lymphatic and vascular compartments were monitored for 6 h. Intraperitoneal pressures increased 4–5 cmH2O above resting levels after infusion of dialysate. On the basis of the appearance of tracer in the lymph, drainage of peritoneal fluid into the caudal lymphatic was calculated to be 3.09 +/- 0.69 and 14.14 +/- 2.86 ml/h in anesthetized and conscious sheep, respectively. Drainage of peritoneal fluid into the thoracic duct preparations was calculated to be 1.32 +/- 0.33 and 14.69 +/- 5.73 ml/h in anesthetized and conscious sheep, respectively. Significant radioactivity was found in the bloodstream, and at least a portion of this was likely contributed by the right lymph duct, which was not cannulated in our experiments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Improved method for cannulation of the right lymph duct in dogs

1977 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 899-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Vreim ◽  
K. Ohkuda
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Skin Incision ◽  
External Jugular Vein ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
High Success Rate ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Lymph Duct ◽  
The Right

We have developed a relatively simple technique for cannulating the right lymph duct in the dog. We have successfully cannulated 19 of 20 dogs and have obtained stable lymph flows for up to 6 h. We make a skin incision over the origin of the pectoralis superficialis muscle and extend it laterally and cephalically until it is parallel and lateral to the external jugular vein. Using the cephalic vein as a landmark, we identify the cervical lymphatic which lies deep to the external jugular vein. We trace the cervical lymphatic posteriorly to the lymphatic ampulla, which is located at the external jugular and axillary venous junction. The ampulla receives the cervical, axillary, and right lymph ducts. We place a ligature around the ampulla and tie it off, forming a lymphatic pouch and obstruction lymph flow into the vein. We then cannulate the cervical lymphatic and advance the catheter into the ampulla and tie it in place. All lymphatic branches draining into the ampulla, except the right lymph duct, are ligated, enabling us to collect lymph form only the right duct. The high success rate is due, we believe, to the fact that we approach the right duct high in the neck and cannulate via the cervical lymphatic. We avoid direct dissection over the right lymph duct, and usually we do not have to cannulate the right duct directly.

Effect of Various Factors on Peritoneal Lymphatic Flow in Rabbits

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Breborowicz ◽  
Helen Rodela ◽  
D.G. Oreopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Lymphatic Flow ◽  
Dialysate Volume ◽  
Normal Controls

Peritoneallymphatic flow in normal and uremic rabbits was measured by estimation of the disappearance of the radiolabelled 1311–albumin from the peritoneal cavity. The results show that lymph flow rate from the peritoneal cavity is not steady and depends on dialysate volume, its tonicity, and protein content. During peritoneal dialysis, peritoneal lymphatic flow is lower at the beginning of an exchange. Peritoneal lymphatic drainage is higher in uremic rabbits compared to normal controls.

Dynamic Insufficiency of Lung Lymph Flow from the Right Lymph Duct in Dogs with Acute Filtration Edema1,2

1983 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuya Nakahara ◽  
Satoru Nanjo ◽  
Masazumi Maeda ◽  
Yasunaru Kawashima
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Lymph Duct ◽  
The Right ◽  
Lung Lymph ◽  
Lung Lymph Flow

scholarly journals Lymphatic drainage of Listeria inonocytogenes and Indian ink inoculated in the peritoneal cavity of the mouse

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Marco ◽  
M. Domingo ◽  
J. Ruberte ◽  
A. Carretero ◽  
V. Briones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Intracellular Bacterium ◽  
Lymph Drainage ◽  
Systemic Dissemination ◽  
Intraperitoneal Inoculation

The lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity has been investigated by intraperitoneal inoculation of an intracellular bacterium ( Listeria monocytogenes) and an inert marker (Indian ink). The results reveal that both agents are transported, either after phagocytosis by intraperitoneal macro phages or in suspension in the lymph, towards the cranial sternal lymph nodes ( Lymphonodi sternales craniales) of the ventral thoracic Iymphocentrum ( Lymphocentrum thoracicum ventrale) and to the lymph nodes of the mediastinal lymphocentrum ( Lymphocentrum mediastinale), prior to systemic dissemination. This mechanism of peritoneal lymph drainage has relevance on experimental studies involving the inoculation of pathogens, and on the investigation of metastatic diffusion of neoplasms from the peritoneum.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document