Stimulation of regional lymphatic and blood flow by epicutaneous oxazolone

2002 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 966-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chufa He ◽  
Alan J. Young ◽  
Charles A. West ◽  
Mei Su ◽  
Moritz A. Konerding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Vascular Network ◽  
Corrosion Casting ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Clinical Appearance ◽  
Early Increase ◽  
Lymph Duct

The application of the epicutaneous antigen oxazolone results in persistent induration and erythema; however, the relative changes in lymph and blood flow in the inflammatory skin are largely unknown. To define the contribution of lymph and blood flow to the clinical appearance of cutaneous inflammation, we studied the sheep ear after the application of oxazolone. As a model for the study of these changes, the sheep ear had several experimental advantages: 1) a simplified superficial vascular network, 2) defined lymphatic drainage, and 3) an avascular and alymphatic cartilaginous barrier. Lymph flow was continuously monitored by cannulation of the prescapular efferent lymph duct. Blood flow, as reflected by cutaneous erythema, was noninvasively measured by use of a visible-spectrum spectrophotometer. The application of the epicutaneous oxazolone resulted in increased ear thickness for >7 days. The lymph flow from the oxazolone-stimulated ear peaked between 24 and 48 h after oxazolone stimulation. Spectrophotometric evaluation indicated that the cutaneous erythema peaked 72–96 h after application of oxazolone. Corrosion casting and scanning electron microscopy of the microcirculation at 96 h after antigen stimulation demonstrated significant dilatation of the superficial vascular network. These results suggest a biphasic response to oxazolone stimulation: 1) an early increase in vascular permeability associated with increased lymph flow and 2) a subsequent increase in relative blood flow associated with a dilated inflammatory microcirculation.

Quantitation of Lymphatic Drainage of the Peritoneal Cavity in Sheep: Comparison of Direct Cannulation Techniques with Indirect Methods to Estimate L Ymph Flow

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 270-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Tran ◽  
Helen Rodela ◽  
John B. Hay ◽  
Dimitrios Oreopoulos ◽  
Miles G. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Lymph Drainage ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Drainage Fluid ◽  
Peritoneal Drainage ◽  
Ultrafiltration Failure ◽  
Lymph Duct ◽  
The Right

Objective It has been suggested that lymphatics may contribute to ultrafiltration failure in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) byabsorbing dialysate and ultrafiltrate from the peritoneal cavity. In most studies lymphatic drainage has been estimated from the disappearance of an instilled tracer from the peritoneal cavity or estimated from the appearance of an intraperitoneally administered tracer in the bloodstream. However, in sheep it is possible to cannulate several of the relevant lymphatics that drain the peritoneal cavity and assess lymph drainage parameters directly. The purpose of this study was to estimate lymph drainage from the peritoneal cavity in sheep using the disappearance of tracer from the cavity and the appearance of intraperitoneally instilled tracer in the bloodstream and to compare these results with those obtained from our previous studies using cannulation techniques. Design Experiments were performed in anesthetized and nonanesthetized animals. Volumes of 50 mL/kg of Dianeal 4.25% containing 25 μCi of 1251-albumin were infused into the peritoneal cavity. Results In anesthetized sheep the calculated peritoneal lymph drainage from monitoring the disappearance of tracer from the peritoneal cavity over 6 hours was 1.873±0.364 mL/kg/hour. Monitoring the appearance of tracer in the blood gave significantly lower peritoneal lymph flow rates of 1.094±0.241 mL/kg/hour. Directly measured lymph flow rates from our earlier publication were lower still and ranged from 0.156±0.028 -0.265±0.049 mL/hour/kg, depending on how we estimated the right lymph duct contribution to peritoneal drainage, since we could not cannulate this vessel. We repeated these experiments in conscious sheep. The value for lymph flow estimated from the disappearance of tracer from the peritoneal cavity was 2.398±0.617 mL/hour/kg and from the appearance of tracer in the blood, 1.424±0.113 mL/ hour/kg. The1ymph flow rates monitored from indwelling lymphatic catheters ranged from 1.021 ±0.186 -1.523±0.213 mL/hour/kg (again, depending on our estimates for the right lymph duct). Conclusions Lymph flow rates measured from indwelling lymphatic catheters provided the most conservative values for lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity under dialysis conditions. Estimates of lymphatic drainage based on the appearance of tracer in the blood gave values that were on average higher. The method using the disappearance of tracer from the cavity to estimate lymph flows overestimated peritoneal lymph drainage. Fluid was lost from the peritoneal cavity, and the estimated proportion of liquid lost through lymphatic drainage depended on the technique used to measure lymph flow rates.

Proportions of dog lung lymph in the thoracic and right lymph ducts

1977 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 894-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Vreim ◽  
K. Ohkuda ◽  
N. C. Staub
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Lymph Duct ◽  
Lung Lymph ◽  
Severe Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Lung Lymph Flow

We studied the external lymphatic drainage of the lung in anesthetized dogs, by simultaneously measuring lymph flows from the thoracic duct (TD) and right lymph duct (RLD) during base line and during pulmonary edema. We measured lymph flow for a 2-h base-line period, for 2 h after tying off the thoracic duct above the diaphragm to eliminate nonthoracic lymph contributions, and after giving alloxan. Following alloxan, all dogs developed moderately severe pulmonary edema. In eight dogs the average TD flows were 24.0, 0.9, and 8.2 ml/h and RLD flows were 1.1, 1.3, and 8.4 ml/h, respectively. If we assume that all increases in lymph flow after giving alloxan are due to increased lung lymph flow, then, on the average, 50% of lung lymph drains into the TD and 50% into the RLD. However, among the eight dogs, four had significant increases in TD flow after alloxan (8.9–24.6 ml/h), and four did not. RLD flow increased in all dogs following alloxan. It appears the fraction of lung lymph draining into the TD and RLD can vary greatly amone individual dogs but, on the average, the TD and RLD receive about equal fractions of the pulmonary lymph. In shamoperated control animals TD and RLD lymph flows did not change over a 5-h period.

Collective methods of propulsion and steering for untethered microscale nanorobots navigating in the human vascular network

2010 ◽  
Vol 224 (7) ◽  
pp. 1505-1513 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Martel
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Interventional Procedures ◽  
Vascular Network ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Tumour Targeting ◽  
Miniature Robots ◽  
Medical Diagnostic ◽  
Blood Flow Velocities

In the field of medical nanorobotics, nanometre-scale components and phenomena are exploited within the context of robotics to provide new medical diagnostic and interventional procedures, or at least to enhance the existing ones. The best route for such miniature robots to access various regions inside the human body is certainly the vascular network. Such a network is made of nearly 100 000 km of blood vessels varying in diameters from a few millimetres in the arteries down to ∼ 4 μm in the capillaries with respective important variations in blood flow velocities. When injected in the blood circulatory network using existing modern techniques such as catheterization, such robots must travel from larger-diameter vessels before reaching much tinier capillaries. As such, the use of a single type of microscale robots capable of travelling in various environments and conditions related to such different blood vessels while being trackable by an external system seems, at the present time, inconceivable. Therefore, as explained in this article, an approach based on the use of several types of microscale robots with complementary methods of propulsion and steering capable of operating in a collective manner is more likely to achieve better results. This is especially true for interventions such as direct tumour targeting where the tiniest blood vessels such as the ones found in the angiogenesis network must be travelled.

Differences in lymph drainage between swollen and non-swollen regions in arms with breast-cancer-related lymphoedema

2001 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. B. STANTON ◽  
W. E. SVENSSON ◽  
R. H. MELLOR ◽  
A. M. PETERS ◽  
J. R. LEVICK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Lymph Drainage ◽  
Lymphatic Function ◽  
Γ Radiation ◽  
Image Width ◽  
Proximal Forearm

Recent research indicates that the pathophysiology of breast-cancer-related lymphoedema (BCRL) is more complex than simple axillary lymphatic obstruction as a result of the cancer treatment. Uneven distribution of swelling (involvement of the mid-arm region is common, but the hand is often spared) is puzzling. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that local differences in lymphatic drainage contribute to the regionality of the oedema. Using lymphoscintigraphy, we measured the removal rate constant, k (representing local lymph flow per unit distribution volume, VD), for 99mTc-labelled human immunoglobulin G in the oedematous proximal forearm, and in the hand (finger web) in women in whom the hand was unaffected. Tracer was injected subcutaneously, and the depot plus the rest of the arm was monitored with a γ-radiation camera for up to 6 h. VD was assessed from image width. Contralateral arms served as controls. k was 25% lower in oedematous forearm tissue than in the control arm (BCRL, -0.070±0.026%·min-1; control, -0.093±0.028%·min-1; mean±S.D.; P = 0.012) and VD was greater. In the non-oedematous hand of the BCRL arm, k was 18% higher than in the control hand (BCRL, -0.110±0.027%·min-1; control, -0.095±0.028%·min-1; P = 0.057) and 59% higher than forearm k on the BCRL side (P = 0.0014). VD did not differ between the hands. Images of the BCRL arm following hand injection showed diffuse activity in the superficial tissues, sometimes extending almost to the shoulder. A possible interpretation is that the hand is spared in some patients because local lymph flow is increased and diverted along collateral dermal routes. The results support the hypothesis that regional differences in surviving lymphatic function contribute to the distribution of swelling.

Hyaluronan flux from cat intestine: changes with lymph flow

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (2) ◽  
pp. H457-H462 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Reed ◽  
M. I. Townsley ◽  
T. C. Laurent ◽  
A. E. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Fluid Flux ◽  
Control Value ◽  
One Step ◽  
Experimental Group

Isolated and autoperfused ileal segments from pentobarbital-anesthetized cats were used to study turnover of hyaluronan in the intestine. A postnodal lymphatic was cannulated, and transcapillary and interstitial fluid fluxes were increased by raising venous pressure. Lymph hyaluronan concentration in control averaged 20.2 +/- 18.8 (SD) micrograms/ml (range 4.6-50) and increased with increasing lymph flow in all experiments to peak at concentrations two to three times above control values (at 15-20 mmHg increase in venous pressure). At higher lymph flows, hyaluronan concentration fell to below 5 micrograms/ml to an average of 21.3 +/- 19.5% of control value at the highest venous pressures used (30-40 mmHg). Tissue hyaluronan content fell from 349 +/- 191 micrograms/g dry wt in control to 148 +/- 78 micrograms/g dry wt (P less than 0.05) at the end of the experiment. In a second group, vasodilators were administered before elevation of venous pressure to prevent redistribution of blood flow between mucosal and muscular layers. The results were similar to those obtained above. In a third experimental group, venous pressure was elevated in one step to 30 mmHg and maintained at this level. Again, hyaluronan concentration initially increased and later fell well below control values. We conclude that a major part of the intestinal hyaluronan is easily mobilized by increased interstitial fluid flux.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of colostral IgG transported into lymph and plasma in neonatal pigs

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (4) ◽  
pp. R976-R980
Author(s):  
H. Kiriyama
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Maximal Level ◽  
Neonatal Pigs ◽  
Duodenal Lumen ◽  
Ig G ◽  
Plateau Level

Amounts of colostral proteins in lymph and plasma were estimated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after infusion of bovine colostrum into the duodenal lumen in nonsuckling neonatal pigs. The rate of immunoglobulin (Ig) G transport in lymph of the thoracic duct reached the maximal level (4.7 +/- 1.3 mg.15 min-1.kg body wt-1) within 3 h after the duodenal infusion. The rate of small protein (SP) transport more slowly increased than that of IgG. On the contrary, casein remained in the much lower level in lymph. IgG concentration in plasma increased gradually and reached a plateau level (2.5 +/- 0.9 g/l) 5 h after the infusion, but the levels of SP and casein were slowly and slightly increased in plasma. The IgG-to-casein and SP-to-casein ratios in lymph and plasma were 161:15:1 and 128:12:1 4 h after the infusion, respectively, and much higher than the value in the colostrum (IgG/SP/casein = 15:4:1). These results indicate 1) that IgG transported via lymph flow after absorption through the small intestine is faster than that via blood flow, 2) that the concentration of absorbed IgG is higher than that of absorbed SP and much higher than the concentration of absorbed casein both in the lymph and plasma, and 3) that total amount of colostral protein transported via blood flow is larger than that transported via lymph flow.

Systemic and hepatic hemodynamic changes in acute liver injury

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (3) ◽  
pp. G617-G625 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Makin ◽  
R. D. Hughes ◽  
R. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Liver Injury ◽  
Hepatic Injury ◽  
Acute Liver Injury ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Marked Change ◽  
Arterial Blood Flow ◽  
Venous Flow ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Arterial Blood

Systemic and hepatic circulatory changes were studied in rats over the course of acute liver injury. Hepatic injury was induced by intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine (1.1 g/kg), and systemic and hepatic hemodynamics were measured over a 72-h period using a radioactive microsphere technique with direct measurement of arterial, portal venous, and hepatic venous blood oxygen content. Cardiac output increased to a maximum at 48 h, producing a marked increase (450%) in hepatic arterial blood flow so that it became the dominant supply of oxygen at the time of maximal hepatic injury. A subsequent increase in portal venous flow resulted in an overall increase in total hepatic blood flow of 500%. At this point the oxygen delivery by the hepatic arterial and portal venous systems was equal. These circulatory changes returned to control values by 72 h with recovery of liver function. These results demonstrate the development of a hyperdynamic circulation and a marked change in the normal relationship between portal venous and hepatic arterial blood flows that occur during hepatic injury.

Intestinal capillary filtration in acute and chronic portal hypertension

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (3) ◽  
pp. G339-G345 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Korthuis ◽  
D. A. Kinden ◽  
G. E. Brimer ◽  
K. A. Slattery ◽  
P. Stogsdill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Portal Hypertension ◽  
Capillary Pressure ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Interstitial Fluid Pressure ◽  
Capillary Filtration

The impact of acute and chronic portal hypertension on the dynamics of intestinal microvascular fluid exchange was examined in anesthetized, fasted, sham-operated control rats with normal portal pressures (CON), during acute elevations in portal pressure (APH) in control rats, and in rats in which chronic portal hypertension (CPH) was produced by calibrated stenosis of the portal vein 10 days prior to the experiments. Although intestinal blood flow and vascular resistance were not altered by APH in control rats, CPH was associated with an increased intestinal blood flow and reduced intestinal vascular resistance when compared with CON and APH. Intestinal capillary pressure and lymph flow were elevated in APH and CPH relative to control values. However, the increase in both variables was greater in CPH. The capillary filtration coefficient was elevated only in CPH. The transcapillary oncotic pressure gradient was not altered by APH or CPH. Interstitial fluid pressure was increased from -1.1 mmHg in CON to 3.9 mmHg during APH and to 5.0 mmHg in CPH. The results of this study indicate that chronic elevations in portal venous pressure produce larger increments in intestinal capillary pressure and filtration rate than do acute elevations in portal venous pressure of the same magnitude. However, the potential edemagenic effects of elevated capillary pressure in both acute and chronic portal hypertension are opposed by increases in lymph flow and interstitial fluid pressure.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document