scholarly journals Energy balance at high altitude of 6,542 m

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 862-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Westerterp ◽  
B. Kayser ◽  
L. Wouters ◽  
J. L. Le Trong ◽  
J. P. Richalet
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Bomb Calorimetry

Weight loss due to malnutrition and possibly intestinal malabsorption is a well-known phenomenon in high-altitude climbers. Up to approximately 5,000 m, energy balance may be attained and intestinal energy digestibility remains normal. To see whether 1) energy balance may also be attained at 6,542 m and, if not, 2) whether decreased energy digestibility would play a significant role in the energy deficit, energy intake (EI), energy expenditure, body composition, and energy digestibility of 10 subjects (4 women, 6 men; 27–44 yr) were assessed during a 21-day sojourn on the summit of Mt. Sajama, Bolivia (6,542 m). EI was measured during two 3-day intervals: EI1 (days 7–9) and EI2 (days 17–19). Total fecal energy loss during EI1 was calculated from fecal energy measured by bomb calorimetry. Average daily metabolic rate (ADMR) at altitude was measured in six subjects (2 women, 4 men) using doubly labeled water over a 10-day interval (days 9–19). Basal metabolic rate was measured before and after the expedition by respiratory gas analysis. Body composition was estimated from skinfolds and body mass before and during the altitude sojourn. Subjects were in negative energy balance throughout the observation period (EI1-ADMR = -2.9 +/- 1.8 MJ/day and EI2-ADMR = -2.3 +/- 1.8 MJ/day based on a gross energy digestibility of 95%). The activity level, expressed as ADMR to basal metabolic rate, was 1.56–2.39. The loss of fat mass (3.7 +/- 1.5 kg) represented 74 +/- 15% of the loss of body mass.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Energy balance and body composition during US Army special forces training

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee M. Margolis ◽  
Jennifer Rood ◽  
Catherine Champagne ◽  
Andrew J. Young ◽  
John W. Castellani
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Special Forces ◽  
Small Unit

Small Unit Tactics (SUT) is a 64-day phase of the Special Forces Qualification Course designed to simulate real-world combat operations. Assessing the metabolic and physiological responses of such intense training allows greater insights into nutritional requirements of soldiers during combat. The purpose of this study was to examine energy balance around specific training events, as well as changes in body mass and composition. Data were collected from 4 groups of soldiers (n = 36) across 10-day periods. Participants were 28 ± 5 years old, 177 ± 6 cm tall, and weighed 83 ± 7 kg. Doubly labeled water (D218O) was used to assess energy expenditure. Energy intake was calculated by subtracting energy in uneaten foods from known energy in distributed foods in individually packaged combat rations or in the dining facility. Body composition was estimated from skinfold thickness measurements on days 0 and 64 of the course. Simulated urban combat elicited that largest energy deficit (11.3 ± 2.3 MJ·day−1 (2700 ± 550 kcal·day−1); p < 0.05), and reduction in body mass (3.3 ± 1.9 kg; p < 0.05), during SUT, while energy balance was maintained during weapons familiarization training and platoon size raids. Over the entire course body mass decreased by 4.2 ± 3.7 kg (p < 0.01), with fat mass decreasing by 2.8 ± 2.0 kg (p < 0.01) and fat-free mass decreasing by 1.4 ± 2.8 kg (p < 0.05). The overall reduction in body mass suggests that soldiers were in a negative energy balance during SUT, with high energy deficit being observed during strenuous field training.

Basal metabolic rate and body composition at high altitudes

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Picó;n-Reátegui
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Males

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) and body composition were determined in 17 healthy adult males living at an altitude of 14,900 ft above sea level. Using body surface area as a standard of reference and following the criterion of Boothby et al. ( Am. J. Physiol. 116: 468, 1936), the BMR of the high-altitude resident fell within the limits considered normal for healthy adults at sea level. A comparison with the data obtained by investigators in the United States and in India shows that, when either fat-free body mass (FFM), cell mass (C), or cell solids (S) are the standard of reference, the BMR is higher in the high-altitude resident. The higher O2 consumption per kilogram of FFM, C, or S in the high-altitude resident seems to be one of the many mechanisms developed by the body in its process of adaptation to the low O2 tension. Note: (With the Technical Assistance of Melquiades Huayna-Vera) Submitted on October 24, 1960

scholarly journals Basal Metabolic Rate Declines During Long-Distance Migratory Flight in Great Knots

The Condor ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 838-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil F. Battley ◽  
Anne Dekinga ◽  
Maurine W. Dietz ◽  
Theunis Piersma ◽  
Sixian Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Migratory Flight ◽  
Before And After ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Para Determinar

Abstract Great Knots (Calidris tenuirostris) make one of the longest migratory flights in the avian world, flying almost 5500 km from Australia to China during northward migration. We measured basal metabolic rate (BMR) and body composition in birds before and after this flight and found that BMR decreased 42%. The mass-specific BMR based on lean mass decreased 33%. We also starved a group of pre-migratory Great Knots in captivity to determine whether they showed the same reduction in BMR without having undergone the hard work of flight. The captive birds showed a similar range and reduction of BMR values as the wild birds. Exponents of relationships between BMR and body mass in different comparisons were high, indicating large changes in BMR as a function of body mass. Analysis of the body composition of ten wild and three captive birds found that the flight muscle mass and intestine mass positively correlated with BMR. La Tasa Metabolica Basal Disminuye durante Vuelos Migratorios de Larga Distancia en Calidris tenuirostris Resumen. Calidris tenuirostris realiza uno de los vuelos migratorios más largos entre las aves, volando desde Australia hasta China durante la migración al norte. Medimos la tasa metabólica basal (TMB) y la composición corporal en aves antes y después del vuelo y encontramos que TMB se reduce en 42%. La TMB específica por masa, o sea la TMB corregida por masa magra, se redujo en 33%. También expusimos un grupo premigratorio de Calidris tenuirostris a un periodo de ayuno en cautiverio, para determinar si mostraban una tasa de reducción similar en la TMB sin haber soportado la dura tarea de volar. Las aves en cautiverio mostraron un rango y una reducción de los valores de la TMB similares a los de las aves en libertad. Los exponentes de la relación entre TMB y masa corporal en diferentes comparaciones fueron altos, indicando grandes cambios de la TMB en función de la masa corporal. El análisis de la composición corporal de diez aves libres y tres en cautiverio mostró que la masa de los músculos del vuelo y la masa de los intestinos esta positivamente correlacionada con la TMB.

Energy expenditure climbing Mt. Everest

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 1815-1819 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Westerterp ◽  
B. Kayser ◽  
F. Brouns ◽  
J. P. Herry ◽  
W. H. Saris
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
The Alps

Weight loss is a well-known phenomenon at high altitude. It is not clear whether the negative energy balance is due to anorexia only or an increased energy expenditure as well. The objective of this study was to gain insight into this matter by measuring simultaneously energy intake, energy expenditure, and body composition during an expedition to Mt. Everest. Subjects were two women and three men between 31 and 42 yr of age. Two subjects were observed during preparation at high altitude, including a 4-day stay in the Alps (4,260 m), and subsequently during four daytime stays in a hypobaric chamber (5,600–7,000 m). Observations at high altitude on Mt. Everest covered a 7- to 10-day interval just before the summit was reached in three subjects and included the summit (8,872 m) in a fourth. Energy intake (EI) was measured with a dietary record, average daily metabolic rate (ADMR) with doubly labeled water, and resting metabolic rate (RMR) with respiratory gas analysis. Body composition was measured before and after the interval from body mass, skinfold thickness, and total body water. Subjects were in negative energy balance (-5.7 +/- 1.9 MJ/day) in both situations, during the preparation in the Alps and on Mt. Everest. The loss of fat mass over the observation intervals was 1.4 +/- 0.7 kg, on average two-thirds of the weight loss (2.2 +/- 1.5 kg), and was significantly correlated with the energy deficit (r = 0.84, P < 0.05). EI on Mt. Everest was 9–13% lower than during the preparation in the Alps.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Effects of Physical Activity on Body Composition and Basal Metabolic Rate of Taiwanese Aboriginal Children during Daily School Time

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
T. H. TSAO ◽  
HSU C. H. HSU ◽  
Cheng Iuan HUANG ◽  
Huei Ying Huei Ying WU
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
School Time ◽  
Aboriginal Children

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. Physical activity is one of the important factors for maintaining weight in adults and children, especially moderate-to- vigorous physical activity (MVPA). However, few studies have discussed about physical activity and body composition of aboriginal children, in spite of the differences existing between aboriginal and non-aboriginal children. As a result, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of physical activity on the body composition and basal metabolic rate (BMR) of Taiwanese aboriginal children. Methods: Thirty boys (aged 10.7 ± 1.5 yr with a body-mass index (BMI) of 19.0 ± 4.2 kg/m2) and 26 girls (aged 10.0 ± 1.5 yr with a BMI of 18.2 ± 3.7 kg/m2) participated in this study. Bouchard's physical activity questionnaire was used to measure the physical activity level. The body composition and BMR were determined by a bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results: For all subjects, the period of school time, from leaving home to arriving back home, was totally 530 ± 38minutes. Children engaged in 353.8 ± 29.7 (66%), 121.9 ± 9.7 (23%), 37.1 ± 7.5 (7%), and 21.4 ± 7.0 (4%) minutes of sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous levels of exercise, respectively. The accumulated time of MVPA was significantly higher for boys than for girls. In addition, after the statistical analysis, MVPA was significantly related to the percent body fat and BMR (-0.79 and 0.63; p < 0.05). Conclusions: Sufficient physical activity time, especially MVPA, benefits the maintenance of a normal BMI range for aboriginal children. 身體活動對維持成人與孩童的體重相當重要，特別是中度與激烈程度的身體活動。儘管原住民與非原住民孩童存在著差異，但原住民兒童身體活動與身體組成的關係卻很少被討論。因此，本研究目的探討身體活動對原住民兒童身體組成與基礎代謝率的影響。30位原住民男學童(年齡：10.7 ± 1.5歲，身體質量指數：19.0 ± 4.2 kg/m2)與26位原住民女學童(年齡： 10.0 ± 1.5歲，身體質量指數：18.2 ± 3.7 kg/m2)參與本研究。Bouchard身體活動問卷調查原住民學童不同程度的身體活動，並以生物電阻法原理測量身體組成與基礎代謝率。結果：在校時間，從離家至返家，總計為530 ± 38分鐘。在坐式、輕度、中度、激烈等不同程度的身體活動時間 > 分別為353.8 ± 29.7 (66%)、121.9 ± 9.7 (23%)、37.1 ± 7.5 (7%)、21.4 ± 7.0 (4%)分鐘。男原住民學童在學校累積的中度-激烈的身體活動時間顯著多於女原住民學童。再者，中度-激烈的身體活動時間與原住民學童的體脂肪百分比、基礎代謝率有顯著相關(079、0.63; p < 0.05)。結論：足夠的身體活動時間，特別是中度-激烈程度的身體活動，將有助於原住民學童維持身體質量指數在正常範圍。

scholarly journals Long-term effect of physical activity on energy balance and body composition

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaas R. Westerterp ◽  
Gerwin A. L. Meijer ◽  
Eugene M. E. Janssen ◽  
Wim H. M. Saris ◽  
Foppe Ten Hoor
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Dietary Record

We studied the effect of an increase in physical activity on energy balance and body composition without interfering with energy intake (EI). Sixteen women and sixteen men, aged 28–41 years, body mass index 19.4–26.4 kg/m2, not participating in any sport before the start of the experiment, prepared to run a half-marathon competition after 44 weeks. Measurements of body composition, EI and energy expenditure (EE) were performed before (0 weeks), and 8, 20, and 40 weeks after the start of training. Body composition was measured with hydrodensitometry and isotope dilution, and EI with a 7 d dietary record. EE was measured overnight in a respiration chamber (sleeping metabolic rate (SMR)) and in a number of subjects over 2-week intervals with doubly-labelled water (average daily metabolic rate (ADMR)). ADMR showed an average increase of 30% in both sexes from the start of training onwards while SMR tended to decrease. EI showed a tendency to drop from week 20 to week 40 in the men and a tendency to increase from week 20 to week 40 in the women. Body mass (BM) did not change in both sexes until the observation at 40 weeks when the median value of the change in men was –1.0kg (P < 0.01; Wilcoxon signed-rank) while the corresponding change of –0.9 kg in the women was not statistically significant. Body composition changes were most pronounced in men as well. Based on changes in BM, body volume and total body water, men lost 3.8 kg fat mass (FM) (P < 0.001; Wilcoxon signed-rank) and gained 1.6 kg protein mass (P < 0.01; Wilcoxon signed-rank) while the corresponding changes in women were 2.0 kg (P < 0.05; Wilcoxon signed-rank) and 1.2 kg (P < 0.05; Wilcoxon signed-rank). In men the loss of FM was positively correlated with the initial percentage body fat (Pearson r 0.92, P < 0.001). In conclusion, body fat can be reduced by physical activity although women tend to compensate for the increased EE with an increased EI, resulting in a smaller effect on BM and FM compared with men.

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