Oxygen uptake kinetics in treadmill running and cycle ergometry: a comparison

2000 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 899-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Carter ◽  
Andrew M. Jones ◽  
Thomas J. Barstow ◽  
Mark Burnley ◽  
Craig A. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Slow Component ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Oxygen Uptake Kinetics ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Tension Development ◽  
Exercise Transitions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Power Outputs

The purpose of the present study was to comprehensively examine oxygen consumption (V˙o 2) kinetics during running and cycling through mathematical modeling of the breath-by-breath gas exchange responses to moderate and heavy exercise. After determination of the lactate threshold (LT) and maximal oxygen consumption (V˙o 2 max) in both cycling and running exercise, seven subjects (age 26.6 ± 5.1 yr) completed a series of “square-wave” rest-to-exercise transitions at running speeds and cycling power outputs that corresponded to 80% LT and 25, 50, and 75%Δ (Δ being the difference between LT andV˙o 2 max).V˙o 2 responses were fit with either a two- (<LT) or three-phase ( >LT) exponential model. The parameters of theV˙o 2 kinetic response were similar between exercise modes, except for the V˙o 2 slow component, which was significantly ( P < 0.05) greater for cycling than for running at 50 and 75%Δ (334 ± 183 and 430 ± 159 ml/min vs. 205 ± 84 and 302 ± 154 ml/min, respectively). We speculate that the differences between the modes are related to the higher intramuscular tension development in heavy cycle exercise and the higher eccentric exercise component in running. This may cause a relatively greater recruitment of the less efficient type II muscle fibers in cycling.

scholarly journals Oxygen uptake kinetics during treadmill running in boys and men

2001 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 1700-1706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig A. Williams ◽  
Helen Carter ◽  
Andrew M. Jones ◽  
Jonathan H. Doust
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Time Constant ◽  
Slow Component ◽  
Oxygen Uptake Kinetics ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Moderate Exercise ◽  
Heavy Exercise ◽  
The Difference

The purpose of this study was to compare the kinetics of the oxygen uptake (V˙o 2) response of boys to men during treadmill running using a three-phase exponential modeling procedure. Eight boys (11–12 yr) and eight men (21–36 yr) completed an incremental treadmill test to determine lactate threshold (LT) and maximum V˙o 2. Subsequently, the subjects exercised for 6 min at two different running speeds corresponding to 80% of V˙o 2 at LT (moderate exercise) and 50% of the difference betweenV˙o 2 at LT and maximumV˙o 2 (heavy exercise). For moderate exercise, the time constant for the primary response was not significantly different between boys [10.2 ± 1.0 (SE) s] and men (14.7 ± 2.8 s). The gain of the primary response was significantly greater in boys than men (239.1 ± 7.5 vs. 167.7 ± 5.4 ml · kg−1 · km−1; P < 0.05). For heavy exercise, theV˙o 2 on-kinetics were significantly faster in boys than men (primary response time constant = 14.9 ± 1.1 vs. 19.0 ± 1.6 s; P < 0.05), and the primary gain was significantly greater in boys than men (209.8 ± 4.3 vs. 167.2 ± 4.6 ml · kg−1 · km−1; P < 0.05). The amplitude of theV˙o 2 slow component was significantly smaller in boys than men (19 ± 19 vs. 289 ± 40 ml/min; P < 0.05). The V˙o 2responses at the onset of moderate and heavy treadmill exercise are different between boys and men, with a tendency for boys to have faster on-kinetics and a greater initial increase inV˙o 2 for a given increase in running speed.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Changes in the Oxygen Uptake Kinetic Response to Heavy-Intensity Exercise in 14- to 16-Year-Old Boys

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynmor C. Breese ◽  
Craig A. Williams ◽  
Alan R. Barker ◽  
Joanne R. Welsman ◽  
Samantha G. Fawkner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Slow Component ◽  
Uptake Kinetic ◽  
Pulmonary Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Longitudinal Changes ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Constant Work Rate ◽  
Exercise Transitions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Gas Exchange Threshold

This study examined longitudinal changes in the pulmonary oxygen uptake (pV̇O2) kinetic response to heavy-intensity exercise in 14–16 yr old boys. Fourteen healthy boys (age 14.1 ± 0.2 yr) completed exercise testing on two occasions with a 2-yr interval. Each participant completed a minimum of three ‘step’ exercise transitions, from unloaded pedalling to a constant work rate corresponding to 40% of the difference between the pV̇O2 at the gas exchange threshold and peak pV̇O2 (40% Δ). Over the 2-yr period a significant increase in the phase II time constant (25 ± 5 vs. 30 ± 5 s; p = .002, ω2 = 0.34), the relative amplitude of the pV̇O2 slow component (9 ± 5 vs. 13 ± 4%; p = .036, ω2 = 0.14) and the pV̇O2 gain at end-exercise (11.6 ± 0.6 vs. 12.4 ± 0.7 mL·min−1·W−1; p < .001, ω2 = 0.42) were observed. These data indicate that the control of oxidative phosphorylation in response to heavy-intensity cycling exercise is age-dependent in teenage boys.

Longitudinal changes in the kinetic response to heavy-intensity exercise in children

2004 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 460-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha G. Fawkner ◽  
Neil Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Slow Component ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Primary Component ◽  
Total Change ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Longitudinal Changes ◽  
Dependent Change ◽  
The Difference

The purpose of this study was to investigate longitudinal changes with age in the kinetic response to cycling at heavy-intensity exercise in boys and girls. Twenty-two prepubertal children (13 male, 9 female) carried out a series of exercise tests on two test occasions with a 2-yr interval. On each test occasion, the subject completed multiple transitions from baseline to 40% of the difference between their previously determined V-slope and peak O2 uptake (V̇o2) for 9 min on an electronically braked cycle ergometer. Each subject's breath-by-breath responses were interpolated to 1-s intervals, time aligned, and averaged. The data after phase 1 were fit with 1) a double exponential model and 2) a single exponential model within a fitting window that was previously identified to exclude the slow component. There were no significant differences in the parameters of the primary component between each model. Subsequent analysis was carried out using model 2. The V̇o2 slow component was computed as the difference between the amplitude of the primary component and the end-exercise V̇o2 and was expressed as the percent contribution to the total change in V̇o2. Over the 2-yr period, the primary time constant (boys 16.8 ± 5.3 and 21.7 ± 5.3 s, girls 21.1 ± 8.1 and 26.4 ± 8.4 s, first and second occasion, respectively) and the relative amplitude of the slow component (boys 9.4 ± 4.6 and 13.8 ± 5.3%, girls 10.3 ± 2.4 and 15.5 ± 2.8%, first and second occasion, respectively) significantly increased with no sex differences. The data demonstrate that children do display a slow-component response to exercise and are consistent with an age-dependent change in the muscles' potential for O2 utilization.

scholarly journals Tracking Changes in Maximal Oxygen Consumption with the Heart Rate Index in Female Collegiate Soccer Players

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Esco ◽  
Ronald L. Snarr ◽  
Andrew Flatt ◽  
Matthew Leatherwood ◽  
Adam Whittaker
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Maximal Exercise Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Training Protocol

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if the HRindex Method (VO2max = [6 x HRindex - 5] x 3.5, where HRindex = HRmax/HRrest) was accurate for tracking changes in VO2max following 8-weeks of endurance training among collegiate female soccer players. Predicted VO2max via the HRindex Method and observed VO2max from a maximal exercise test on a treadmill were determined for a group of female soccer athletes (n = 15) before and following an 8-week endurance training protocol. The predicted (pVO2max) and observed (aVO2max) values were compared at baseline and within 1-week post-training. Change values (i.e., the difference between pre to post) for each variable were also determined and compared. There was a significant difference between aVO2max before (43.2 ± 2.8 ml.kg.min-1) and following (46.2 ± 2.1 ml.kg.min-1) the 8-week training program (p < 0.05). However, pVO2max did not significantly change following training (pre = 43.4 ± 4.6 ml.kg.min-1, post = 42.9 ± 4.1 ml.kg.min-1, p = 0.53). Furthermore, the correlation between the change in aVO2max and the change in pVO2max was trivial and non-significant (r = 0.30, p = 0.28). The HRindex Method does not appear to be suitable for predicting changes in VO2max following 8-weeks of endurance training in female collegiate soccer players

scholarly journals Treadmill economy in girls and women matched for height and weight

2000 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 512-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Allor ◽  
J. M. Pivarnik ◽  
L. J. Sam ◽  
C. D. Perkins
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Respiratory Frequency ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Exercise Economy ◽  
The Difference

We investigated differences in walking (80 m/min) and running (147 m/min) economy [submaximal oxygen consumption (V˙o 2 submax)] between adolescent girls ( n = 13; age = 13.3 ± 0.9 yr) and young women ( n = 23; age = 21.0 ± 1.5 yr). Subjects were matched for height (158.7 ± 2.9 cm) and weight (52.1 ± 3.0 kg). Anthropometric measures (height, weight, breadths, skinfolds) and preexercise oxygen consumption were obtained on all subjects before submaximal and maximal treadmill exercise. Anthropometric measures were similar between groups, as was maximal oxygen consumption (girls, 47.7 ± 5.2; women, 47.5 ± 5.7 ml · kg−1 · min−1).V˙o 2 submax was significantly greater ( P < 0.0002) in girls compared with women during both walking (16.4 ± 1.7 vs. 14.4 ± 1.1 ml · kg−1 · min−1) and running (38.1 ± 3.7 vs. 33.9 ± 2.4 ml · kg−1 · min−1). Preexercise oxygen consumption (4.4 vs. 3.9 ml · kg−1 · min−1) accounted for only a fraction of the differences found in exercise economy. Although heart rate and respiratory frequency were greater in the girls in both walking (118 ± 11 vs. 104 ± 12 beats/min and 31 ± 3 vs. 25 ± 4 breaths/min, respectively; P < 0.002) and running (180 ± 15 vs. 163 ± 17 beats/min and 47 ± 11 vs. 38 ± 8 breaths/min; P < 0.005), this did not likely account for a large part of the difference inV˙o 2 submax between groups.

V˙o 2 kinetics in the horse during moderate and heavy exercise

1997 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 1235-1241 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Langsetmo ◽  
G. E. Weigle ◽  
M. R. Fedde ◽  
H. H. Erickson ◽  
T. J. Barstow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Constant ◽  
Slow Component ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Mixed Venous Blood ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Heavy Exercise ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Treadmill Testing ◽  
Exercise Transitions

Langsetmo, I., G. E. Weigle, M. R. Fedde, H. H. Erickson, T. J. Barstow, and D. C. Poole.V˙o 2 kinetics in the horse during moderate and heavy exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(4): 1235–1241, 1997.—The horse is a superb athlete, achieving a maximal O2 uptake (∼160 ml ⋅ min−1 ⋅ kg−1) approaching twice that of the fittest humans. Although equine O2 uptake (V˙o 2) kinetics are reportedly fast, they have not been precisely characterized, nor has their exercise intensity dependence been elucidated. To address these issues, adult male horses underwent incremental treadmill testing to determine their lactate threshold (Tlac) and peakV˙o 2(V˙o 2 peak), and kinetic features of theirV˙o 2 response to “square-wave” work forcings were resolved using exercise transitions from 3 m/s to a below-Tlac speed of 7 m/s or an above-Tlac speed of 12.3 ± 0.7 m/s (i.e., between Tlac andV˙o 2 peak) sustained for 6 min. V˙o 2 and CO2 output were measured using an open-flow system: pulmonary artery temperature was monitored, and mixed venous blood was sampled for plasma lactate.V˙o 2 kinetics at work levels below Tlac were well fit by a two-phase exponential model, with a phase 2 time constant (τ1 = 10.0 ± 0.9 s) that followed a time delay (TD1 = 18.9 ± 1.9 s). TD1 was similar to that found in humans performing leg cycling exercise, but the time constant was substantially faster. For speeds above Tlac, TD1 was unchanged (20.3 ± 1.2 s); however, the phase 2 time constant was significantly slower (τ1 = 20.7 ± 3.4 s, P < 0.05) than for exercise below Tlac. Furthermore, in four of five horses, a secondary, delayed increase inV˙o 2 became evident 135.7 ± 28.5 s after the exercise transition. This “slow component” accounted for ∼12% (5.8 ± 2.7 l/min) of the net increase in exercise V˙o 2. We conclude that, at exercise intensities below and above Tlac, qualitative features ofV˙o 2 kinetics in the horse are similar to those in humans. However, at speeds below Tlac the fast component of the response is more rapid than that reported for humans, likely reflecting different energetics of O2utilization within equine muscle fibers.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Changes in the Oxygen Uptake Kinetic Response to Heavy-Intensity Exercise in 14- to 16-Year-Old Boys

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynmor C. Breese ◽  
Craig A. Williams ◽  
Alan R. Barker ◽  
Joanne R. Welsman ◽  
Samantha G. Fawkner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Slow Component ◽  
Uptake Kinetic ◽  
Pulmonary Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Longitudinal Changes ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Constant Work Rate ◽  
Exercise Transitions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Gas Exchange Threshold

This study examined longitudinal changes in the pulmonary oxygen uptake (pV̇O2) kinetic response to heavy-intensity exercise in 14–16 yr old boys. Fourteen healthy boys (age 14.1 ± 0.2 yr) completed exercise testing on two occasions with a 2-yr interval. Each participant completed a minimum of three ‘step’ exercise transitions, from unloaded pedalling to a constant work rate corresponding to 40% of the difference between the pV̇O2 at the gas exchange threshold and peak pV̇O2 (Δ). Over the 2-yr period a significant increase in the phase II time constant (25 ± 5 vs. 30 ± 5 s; p = .002, ω2 = 0.34), the relative amplitude of the pV̇O2 slow component (9 ± 5 vs. 13 ± 4%; p = .036, ω2 = 0.14) and the pV̇O2 gain at end-exercise (11.6 ± 0.6 vs. 12.4 ± 0.7 mL·min−1·W−1; p < .001, ω2 = 0.42) were observed. These data indicate that the control of oxidative phosphorylation in response to heavy-intensity cycling exercise is age-dependent in teenage boys.

scholarly journals Repeat trial and breath averaging: Recommendations for research of VO2 kinetics of exercise transitions to steady-state

2019 ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Ryan McNulty ◽  
Robert Andrew Robergs
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Total Error ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Oxygen Uptake Kinetics ◽  
Ventilation Threshold ◽  
Vo2 Kinetics ◽  
Exercise Transitions ◽  
Well Data ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Male Subjects

Multiple-breath and multiple-trial averaging have been used extensively in research of oxygen uptake kinetics to steady-state. However, specific guidelines outlining correct levels of averaging have not been discussed. The aim of this study was to assess error differences using multiple-trial and multiple-breath averaging systems, and make recommendations for future VO2 kinetics research. Eight male subjects were recruited for this study. Following a maximal cycle test to ascertain each subject’s ventilation threshold, eight identical repetition cycling exercise bouts were administered. The bouts consisted of 6-minute at 85% of the subject’s ventilation threshold. Firstly, multiple-trial and multiple-breath data were processed using traditional methods. As well, data were fit using a mono-exponential model to derive tau. Data for all levels of multiple-trial and multiple-breath methods were compared to an 8-trial and 13-breath average, respectively. Reduction in error from the 3-trial average and a 3-breath average represented ∼68% and ∼70% of total error reduction, respectively. Tau tended to increase with increasing breath averaging and decrease with increasing trial averaging. There is negligible benefit to averaging more than 3 repeat trials in VO2 kinetics research. Breath averaging beyond 3-breaths artificially increases tau.

scholarly journals Supplementation with Saccharomyces boulardii Increases the Maximal Oxygen Consumption and Maximal Aerobic Speed Attained by Rats Subjected to an Incremental-Speed Exercise

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Danieli Nascimento Soares ◽  
Samuel Penna Wanner ◽  
Elissa Stefane Silva Morais ◽  
Alexandre Sérvulo Ribeiro Hudson ◽  
Flaviano Santos Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
Saccharomyces Boulardii ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
External Work ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
And Performance

Benefits to the host metabolism resulting from Saccharomyces boulardii (Sb) supplementation have been described; however, no study has investigated the effects of this supplementation on aerobic metabolism and performance during physical exercise. Thus, in the present study, we addressed the effects of Sb supplementation on the rate of oxygen consumption (VO2), mechanical efficiency (external work divided by VO2), and aerobic performance of rats subjected to fatiguing, incremental-speed exercise. Twenty-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: (1) non-supplemented, in which rats received 0.1 mL of a saline solution, and (2) Sb-supplemented, in which rats received 0.1 mL of a suspension containing 8.0 log10 colony-forming units. The rats received the treatments by gavage for 10 consecutive days; they were then subjected to fatiguing treadmill running. Sb supplementation did not change the VO2 values or mechanical efficiency during submaximal exercise intensities. In contrast, at fatigue, VO2MAX was increased by 12.7% in supplemented rats compared with controls (p = 0.01). Moreover, Sb improved aerobic performance, as evidenced by a 12.4% increase in maximal running speed attained by the supplemented rats (p < 0.05). We conclude that Sb supplementation for 10 days increases VO2MAX and aerobic performance in rats.

Letters to the Editor

1998 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 1593-1600
Author(s):  
Guido Ferretti
Keyword(s):  
Slow Component ◽  
Oxygen Uptake Kinetics ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Muscle Temperature ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Heavy Exercise ◽  
Letters To The Editor ◽  
Heavy Work ◽  
The Difference

The following is the abstract of the article discussed in the subsequent letter: Koga, Shunsaku, Tomoyuki Shiojiri, Narihiko Kondo, and Thomas J. Barstow. Effect of increased muscle temperature on oxygen uptake kinetics during exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(4): 1333–1338, 1997.—To test whether increased muscle temperature (Tm) would improve O2 uptake (V˙o 2) kinetics, seven men performed transitions from rest to a moderate work rate [below the estimated lactate threshold (LTest)] and a heavy work rate (V˙o 2 = 50% of the difference between LTest and peakV˙o 2) under conditions of normal Tm (N) and increased Tm (H), produced by wearing hot water-perfused pants before exercise. Quadriceps Tm was significantly higher in H, but rectal temperature was similar for the two conditions. There were no significant differences in the amplitudes of the fast component ofV˙o 2 or in the time constants of the on and off transients for moderate and heavy exercise between the two conditions. The increment inV˙o 2 between the 3rd and 6th min of heavy exercise was slightly but significantly smaller for H than for N. These data suggest that elevated Tm before exercise onset, which would have been expected to increase O2delivery and off-loading to the muscle, had no appreciable effect on the fast exponential component ofV˙o 2 kinetics (invariant time constant). These data further suggest that elevated Tm does not contribute to the slow component ofV˙o 2 during heavy exercise.

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