Negative pressure effects on mechanically opposing pharyngeal muscles in awake and sleeping goats

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 2289-2297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thom R. Feroah ◽  
H. V. Forster ◽  
L. Pan ◽  
N. E. Schlick ◽  
Paul Martino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Pressure Response ◽  
Pressure Effects ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Tp 31 ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Pharyngeal Muscles ◽  
Pressure Tests

Our aim was to investigate the effects of the negative pressure reflex on mechanically opposing pharyngeal muscles during wakefulness, slow-wave sleep (SWS), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In four goats with isolated upper airways, we measured tracheal airflow and electrical activity of the thyropharyngeus (TP; constricting), the stylopharyngeus (SP; dilating), and the diaphragm (Dia). In the wakefulness state in response to negative pressure tests, TP decreased (65%), SP increased (198%), and tidal volume (Vt) (66%) and rate of rise of Dia (Diaslope, 69%) decreased ( P < 0.02). Similarly, during SWS, the negative pressure response of TP (31%), Vt (61%), and Diaslope (60%) decreased, whereas SP (113%) increased, relative to SWS control ( P < 0.02). In REM sleep, the negative pressure response by TP and SP were small, whereas both Vt (38%) and Diaslope (24%) were greatly decreased ( P < 0.02) compared with REM control. Inspiratory duration remained unchanged in response to negative pressure tests in all states. These data provide evidence that mechanically opposing inspiratory and expiratory pharyngeal muscles are reciprocally controlled and their response to negative pressure are state dependent.

scholarly journals Computational model of brain-stem circuit for state-dependent control of hypoglossal motoneurons

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 296-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Naji ◽  
Maxim Komarov ◽  
Giri P. Krishnan ◽  
Atul Malhotra ◽  
Frank L. Powell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Neuronal Network ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Hypoglossal Motoneurons ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Pharyngeal Muscles ◽  
Serotonergic Drugs

In patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), the pharyngeal muscles become relaxed during sleep, which leads to a partial or complete closure of upper airway. Experimental studies suggest that withdrawal of noradrenergic and serotonergic drives importantly contributes to depression of hypoglossal motoneurons and, therefore, may contribute to OSA pathophysiology; however, specific cellular and synaptic mechanisms remain unknown. In this new study, we developed a biophysical network model to test the hypothesis that, to explain experimental observations, the neuronal network for monoaminergic control of excitability of hypoglossal motoneurons needs to include excitatory and inhibitory perihypoglossal interneurons that mediate noradrenergic and serotonergic drives to hypoglossal motoneurons. In the model, the state-dependent activation of the hypoglossal motoneurons was in qualitative agreement with in vivo data during simulated rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep. The model was applied to test the mechanisms of action of noradrenergic and serotonergic drugs during REM sleep as observed in vivo. We conclude that the proposed minimal neuronal circuit is sufficient to explain in vivo data and supports the hypothesis that perihypoglossal interneurons may mediate state-dependent monoaminergic drive to hypoglossal motoneurons. The population of the hypothesized perihypoglossal interneurons may serve as novel targets for pharmacological treatment of OSA. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In vivo studies suggest that during rapid eye movement sleep, withdrawal of noradrenergic and serotonergic drives critically contributes to depression of hypoglossal motoneurons (HMs), which innervate the tongue muscles. By means of a biophysical model, which is consistent with a broad range of empirical data, we demonstrate that the neuronal network controlling the excitability of HMs needs to include excitatory and inhibitory interneurons that mediate noradrenergic and serotonergic drives to HMs.

Short-Duration Epileptic Discharges Show a Distinct Phase Preference During Ongoing Hippocampal Slow Oscillations

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 2194-2202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip H. de Guzman ◽  
Farhang Nazer ◽  
Clayton T. Dickson
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Epileptiform Activity ◽  
Epileptic Activity ◽  
Network Synchronization ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Oscillatory Pattern

Non-REM (slow-wave) sleep has been shown to facilitate temporal lobe epileptiform events, whereas REM sleep seems more restrictive. This state-dependent modulation may be the result of the enhancement of excitatory synaptic transmission and/or the degree of network synchronization expressed within the hippocampus of the temporal lobe. The slow oscillation (SO), a ∼1 Hz oscillatory pattern expressed during non-REM sleep and urethane anesthesia, has been recently shown to facilitate the generation, maintenance, and propagation of stimulus-evoked epileptiform activity in the hippocampus. To further address the state-dependent modulation of epileptic activity during the SO, we studied the properties of short-duration interictal-like activity generated by focal application of penicillin in the hippocampus of urethane-anesthetized rats. Epileptiform spikes were larger but only slightly more prevalent during the SO as opposed to the theta (REM-like) state. More notably, however, epileptic spikes had a significant tendency to occur just following the peak negativity of ongoing SO cycles. Because of the known phase-dependent changes in 1) synaptic excitability (just following the positive peak of the SO) and 2) network synchronization (during the negative peak of the SO), these results suggest that it is the synchrony and not the changes in synaptic excitability that lead to the facilitation of epileptiform activity during sleep-like slow wave states.

Vigilance state-dependent attenuation of hypercapnic chemoreflex and exaggerated sleep apnea in orexin knockout mice

2007 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Nakamura ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Masashi Yanagisawa ◽  
Yasuichiro Fukuda ◽  
Tomoyuki Kuwaki
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Control Of Breathing ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Vigilance State ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Respiratory Parameters

Exogenous administration of orexin can promote wakefulness and respiration. Here we examined whether intrinsic orexin participates in the control of breathing in a vigilance state-dependent manner. Ventilation was recorded together with electroencephalography and electromyography for 6 h during the daytime in prepro-orexin knockout mice (ORX-KO) and wild-type (WT) littermates. Respiratory parameters were separately determined during quiet wakefulness (QW), slow-wave sleep (SWS), or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Basal ventilation was normal in ORX-KO, irrespective of vigilance states. The hypercapnic ventilatory response during QW in ORX-KO (0.19 ± 0.01 ml·min−1·g−1·%CO2−1) was significantly smaller than that in WT mice (0.38 ± 0.04 ml·min−1·g−1·%CO2−1), whereas the responses during SWS and REM in ORX-KO were comparable to those in WT mice. Hypoxic responses during wake and sleep periods were not different between the genotypes. Spontaneous but not postsigh sleep apneas were more frequent in ORX-KO than in WT littermates during both SWS and REM sleep. Our findings suggest that orexin plays a crucial role both in CO2 sensitivity during wakefulness and in preserving ventilation stability during sleep.

scholarly journals Neural Correlates of Wakefulness, Sleep, and General Anesthesia

2016 ◽  
Vol 125 (5) ◽  
pp. 929-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinesh Pal ◽  
Brian H. Silverstein ◽  
Heonsoo Lee ◽  
George A. Mashour
Keyword(s):  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Transfer Entropy ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Behavioral Arousal ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Dependent Change ◽  
Symbolic Transfer Entropy

Abstract Background Significant advances have been made in our understanding of subcortical processes related to anesthetic- and sleep-induced unconsciousness, but the associated changes in cortical connectivity and cortical neurochemistry have yet to be fully clarified. Methods Male Sprague–Dawley rats were instrumented for simultaneous measurement of cortical acetylcholine and electroencephalographic indices of corticocortical connectivity—coherence and symbolic transfer entropy—before, during, and after general anesthesia (propofol, n = 11; sevoflurane, n = 13). In another group of rats (n = 7), these electroencephalographic indices were analyzed during wakefulness, slow wave sleep (SWS), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Results Compared to wakefulness, anesthetic-induced unconsciousness was characterized by a significant decrease in cortical acetylcholine that recovered to preanesthesia levels during recovery wakefulness. Corticocortical coherence and frontal–parietal symbolic transfer entropy in high γ band (85 to 155 Hz) were decreased during anesthetic-induced unconsciousness and returned to preanesthesia levels during recovery wakefulness. Sleep-wake states showed a state-dependent change in coherence and transfer entropy in high γ bandwidth, which correlated with behavioral arousal: high during wakefulness, low during SWS, and lowest during REM sleep. By contrast, frontal–parietal θ connectivity during sleep-wake states was not correlated with behavioral arousal but showed an association with well-established changes in cortical acetylcholine: high during wakefulness and REM sleep and low during SWS. Conclusions Corticocortical coherence and frontal–parietal connectivity in high γ bandwidth correlates with behavioral arousal and is not mediated by cholinergic mechanisms, while θ connectivity correlates with cortical acetylcholine levels.

scholarly journals Permeabilization surgery of the upper respiratory tract and its effects on sleep fragmentation and REM sleep

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (25) ◽  
pp. 47-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ionut Tanase ◽  
Claudiu Manea ◽  
Codrut Sarafoleanu
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Sleep Fragmentation ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Falling Asleep ◽  
Before And After

AbstractUsually, patients with sleep disorders may complain of tiredness, fatigue, daytime sleepiness, difficulty in concentrating, and can reach up to falling asleep in inappropriate situations – condition known as the Pickwick syndrome. To avoid these unpleasant symptoms, a series of surgical procedures regarding the anatomical structures involved in sleep apnea were developed.The article is a general review regarding the sleep disorders and the influence of upper airways permeability on the quality of sleep and the sleep staging distribution. Also, we present some preliminary data obtained in a clinical study underwent in CESITO Centre “Sfanta Maria” Hospital, Bucharest, involving patients with sleep pathology that had polysomnographic evaluations before and after various surgical procedures of nasal and pharyngeal permeabilization.AIMS.To determine that permeabilization surgery of the upper airway tract may be used successfully in order to decrease the sleep fragmentation and increase the time of slow-wave sleep.CONCLUSION.6 months after the permeabilization surgery of the upper airway tract, the polysomnography reveals that the arousals index decreased and the sleep architecture undergoes changes that consist in decreasing the Stage 1 and Stage 2 sleep, therefore REM sleep reaches a better score.

scholarly journals Computational model of brainstem circuit for state-dependent control of hypoglossal motoneurons

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Naji ◽  
Maxim Komarov ◽  
Giri P. Krishnan ◽  
Atul Malhotra ◽  
Frank Powell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Hypoglossal Motoneurons ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Pharyngeal Muscles ◽  
Serotonergic Drugs

AbstractIn patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) the pharyngeal muscles become relaxed during sleep, which leads to a partial or complete closure of upper airway. Empirical studies suggest that withdrawal of noradrenergic and serotonergic drives importantly contribute to depression of hypoglossal motoneurons during rapid eye-movement (REM) sleep and, therefore, may contribute to OSA pathophysiology; however, specific cellular and synaptic mechanisms remain unknown. It was recently suggested that, in order to explain experimental observations, the neuronal network for monoaminergic control of excitability of hypoglossal motoneurons has to include excitatory and inhibitory perihypoglossal interneurons that would mediate noradrenergic and serotonergic drives to the motoneurons. In this study, we applied a biophysical network model to validate the rationality of the proposed circuit and to investigate the dynamics of its neuronal populations during REM sleep-induced withdrawal of noradrenergic and serotonergic drives. The state-dependent activity of the model hypoglossal motoneurons during simulated REM sleep with or without a virtual application of noradrenergic and serotonergic drugs was in qualitative agreement with in vivo data. The study predicts the dynamics of the perihypoglossal interneurons during these conditions and corroborates the hypothesis that the excitatory interneurons may integrate both noradrenergic and serotonergic drives. The latter drive has to be mediated by the inhibitory interneurons. The study suggests that perihypoglossal interneurons may serve as novel potential targets for pharmacological treatment of OSA.

Waking and genioglossus muscle responses to upper airway pressure oscillation in sleeping dogs

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 2564-2573 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Plowman ◽  
D. C. Lauff ◽  
M. Berthon-Jones ◽  
C. E. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Pressure Oscillation ◽  
Pressure Waves ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Airway Patency ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Oscillatory Pressure

We studied waking and genioglossus electromyographic (EMGgg) responses to oscillating pressure waves applied to the upper airways of three sleeping dogs. The dogs were previously prepared with a permanent side-hole tracheal stoma and were trained to sleep with a tight-fitting snout mask, hermetically sealed in place, while breathing through a cuffed endotracheal tube inserted through the tracheostomy. Sleep state was determined by behavioral, electroencephalographic, and electromyographic criteria, and EMGgg activity was measured using fine bipolar electrodes inserted directly into the muscle. Oscillatory pressure waves of 30 Hz and +/- 3 cmH2O (tested at atmospheric and subatmospheric upper airway pressures) were applied at the dog's nostrils or larynx, either constantly for a period of 1 min or in 0.5-s bursts. We found that the pressure stimulus had two major effects. First, it was a potentially powerful arousal-promoting stimulus. Arousal occurred in 78% of tests in slow-wave sleep (SWS) and 55% of tests in rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, with swallowing and sighing accompanying many of the arousals. Second, it produced an immediate and sustained augmentation of EMGgg, in wakefulness, SWS, and REM sleep. We conclude that oscillatory pressure waves in the upper airway, as found in snoring, produce reflex responses that help maintain upper airway patency during sleep. Loss of this type of reflex might contribute to the onset of obstructive sleep apnea in chronic snorers.

scholarly journals Sounding It Out: Auditory Stimulation and Overnight Memory Processing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus O. Harrington ◽  
Scott A. Cairney
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Auditory Stimulation ◽  
Theta Oscillations ◽  
Neural Oscillations ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Memory Processing ◽  
Eeg Recordings

Abstract Purpose of Review Auditory stimulation is a technique that can enhance neural oscillations linked to overnight memory consolidation. In this review, we evaluate the impacts of auditory stimulation on the neural oscillations of sleep and associated memory processes in a variety of populations. Recent Findings Cortical EEG recordings of slow-wave sleep (SWS) are characterised by two cardinal oscillations: slow oscillations (SOs) and sleep spindles. Auditory stimulation delivered in SWS enhances SOs and phase-coupled spindle activity in healthy children and adults, children with ADHD, adults with mild cognitive impairment and patients with major depression. Under certain conditions, auditory stimulation bolsters the benefits of SWS for memory consolidation, although further work is required to fully understand the factors affecting stimulation-related memory gains. Recent work has turned to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, demonstrating that auditory stimulation can be used to manipulate REM sleep theta oscillations. Summary Auditory stimulation enhances oscillations linked to overnight memory processing and shows promise as a technique for enhancing the memory benefits of sleep.

Upper airway muscle responsiveness to rising Pco 2 during NREM sleep

2000 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 1275-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giora Pillar ◽  
Atul Malhotra ◽  
Robert B. Fogel ◽  
Josee Beauregard ◽  
David I. Slamowitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Dilator Muscle ◽  
Pharyngeal Muscles ◽  
Stage 2 Sleep ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
End Tidal

Although pharyngeal muscles respond robustly to increasing Pco 2 during wakefulness, the effect of hypercapnia on upper airway muscle activation during sleep has not been carefully assessed. This may be important, because it has been hypothesized that CO2-driven muscle activation may importantly stabilize the upper airway during stages 3 and 4 sleep. To test this hypothesis, we measured ventilation, airway resistance, genioglossus (GG) and tensor palatini (TP) electromyogram (EMG), plus end-tidal Pco 2(Pet CO2 ) in 18 subjects during wakefulness, stage 2, and slow-wave sleep (SWS). Responses of ventilation and muscle EMG to administered CO2(Pet CO2 = 6 Torr above the eupneic level) were also assessed during SWS ( n = 9) or stage 2 sleep ( n = 7). Pet CO2 increased spontaneously by 0.8 ± 0.1 Torr from stage 2 to SWS (from 43.3 ± 0.6 to 44.1 ± 0.5 Torr, P < 0.05), with no significant change in GG or TP EMG. Despite a significant increase in minute ventilation with induced hypercapnia (from 8.3 ± 0.1 to 11.9 ± 0.3 l/min in stage 2 and 8.6 ± 0.4 to 12.7 ± 0.4 l/min in SWS, P < 0.05 for both), there was no significant change in the GG or TP EMG. These data indicate that supraphysiological levels of Pet CO2 (50.4 ± 1.6 Torr in stage 2, and 50.4 ± 0.9 Torr in SWS) are not a major independent stimulus to pharyngeal dilator muscle activation during either SWS or stage 2 sleep. Thus hypercapnia-induced pharyngeal dilator muscle activation alone is unlikely to explain the paucity of sleep-disordered breathing events during SWS.

Parasomnias

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
KyoungBin Im
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Rem Sleep Behavior Disorder ◽  
Behavior Disorder ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Related Phenomenon ◽  
Sleep Behavior ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual

Parasomnias have long been recognized as part of sleep-related disorders or diseases in the mental disorders classification system such as Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Nevertheless, many parasomnia symptoms are considered as a transient deviation from the norm in otherwise normal subjects due to disrupted status of consciousness. Sleep states are classified as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep; similarly, parasomnias are classified as NREM-related parasomnias and REM-related parasomnias. NREM-related parasomnias share common pathophysiology of arousal-related phenomenon out of slow-wave sleep. Although listed as REM parasomnia disorders, nightmares and sleep paralysis are still considered comorbid symptoms or signs of other sleep disorders or mental disorders. Only REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is considered a relatively homogenous disease entity among all parasomnia diagnoses. Although RBD is the most newly added disorder entity in parasomnias, it is the most rigorously studied parasomnia such as RBD is strongly and clearly associated with concomitant or future developing neurodegenerative disease. This review contains 1 figure, 4 tables, and 18 references. Key Words: confusional arousals, dream enactment, pseudo-RBD, REM sleep behavior disorder, sleep-related eating, sleep terror, sleepwalking

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