Sex-based effects on the distribution of NK cell subsets in response to exercise and carbohydrate intake in adolescents

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 1513-1519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian W. Timmons ◽  
Mark A. Tarnopolsky ◽  
Oded Bar-Or
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Exercise Immunology ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Flavored Water ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Activation Marker Cd69 ◽  
Activation Status

Carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation and female sex independently influence the natural killer (NK) cell response to acute exercise. Consequently, this study sought to elucidate sex-based differences in the distribution of NK cell subsets (i.e., CD56dimand CD56bright) in response to exercise and CHO intake. Twenty-two healthy 14-yr-old girls ( n = 11) and boys ( n = 11) cycled for 60 min at 70% maximal oxygen consumption while drinking 6% CHO (CT) or flavored water (WT). Blood was collected at rest, during exercise (30 and 60 min), and during recovery (30 and 60 min) to identify CD3−CD56dimand CD3−CD56brightNK cells. The activation marker CD69 was also determined on CD3−CD56+cells. CD56dimresponses, expressed as proportions or cell counts, were greater ( P ≤ 0.01) in girls by 67 and 105%, respectively. CD56brightcell counts ( P = 0.006), but not CD56brightproportions ( P = 0.89), were greater in girls by 82%. Both CD56dimand CD56brightsubset responses, expressed as proportions or cell counts, were lower ( P ≤ 0.01) in CT vs. WT by 33–36%. The CD56bright-to-CD56dimratio decreased at 30 min of exercise but increased during recovery ( P < 0.001), with no effect of sex or CHO. Regardless of trial, CD3−CD56+cells expressed ∼18% higher levels of CD69 during recovery in girls but not boys ( P = 0.03), despite similar proportions and counts of CD69+cells. These results demonstrate sex-based differences in the distribution of NK cell subsets and activation status in response to exercise, but not CHO intake, and further support the need to control for sex in exercise immunology studies.

Circulating plasma VEGF response to exercise in sedentary and endurance-trained men

2004 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 1445-1450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond M. Kraus ◽  
Howard W. Stallings ◽  
Robert C. Yeager ◽  
Timothy P. Gavin
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Maximum Power ◽  
Capillary Supply ◽  
Maximum Power Output ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Time Point

The skeletal muscle capillary supply is an important determinant of maximum exercise capacity, and it is well known that endurance exercise training increases the muscle capillary supply. The muscle capillary supply and exercise-induced angiogenesis are regulated in part by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF is produced by skeletal muscle cells and can be secreted into the circulation. We investigated whether there are differences in circulating plasma VEGF between sedentary individuals (Sed) and well-trained endurance athletes (ET) at rest or in response to acute exercise. Eight ET men (maximal oxygen consumption: 63.8 ± 2.3 ml·kg-1·min-1; maximum power output: 409.4 ± 13.3 W) and eight Sed men (maximal oxygen consumption: 36.3 ± 2.1 ml·kg-1·min-1; maximum power output: 234.4 ± 13.3 W) exercised for 1 h at 50% of maximum power output. Antecubital vein plasma was collected at rest and at 0, 2, and 4 h postexercise. Plasma VEGF was measured by ELISA analysis. Acute exercise significantly increased VEGF at 0 and 2 h postexercise in ET subjects but did not increase VEGF at any time point in Sed individuals. There was no difference in VEGF between ET and Sed subjects at any time point. When individual peak postexercise VEGF was analyzed, exercise did increase VEGF independent of training status. In conclusion, exercise can increase plasma VEGF in both ET athletes and Sed men; however, there is considerable variation in the individual time of the peak VEGF response.

Effects of acute exercise intensity on plasma lipids and apolipoproteins in trained runners

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 914-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Davis ◽  
W. P. Bartoli ◽  
J. L. Durstine
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Trained Runners

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of exercise intensity on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Concentrations of triglyceride, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and its subfractions (HDL2-C and HDL3-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and B were measured. Ten well-trained runners completed treadmill exercise on two different occasions: a high-intensity session at 75% maximal oxygen consumption lasting 60 min and a low-intensity session at 50% maximal oxygen consumption lasting 90 min. Energy expenditure for each session was equal. Fasted blood samples were obtained 24 h before, immediately before, immediately after, and 1, 24, 48, and 72 h after each exercise session. No significant differences were found for the blood variables across time or between treatments. However, HDL-C and HDL2-C were slightly elevated on the days after each treatment. These results suggest that acute exercise sessions lasting less than 90 min, regardless of intensity, do not elicit plasma lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein changes in men who are habitually physically active and have high initial concentrations of HDL-C.

Leptin is related to body fat content in male distance runners

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (5) ◽  
pp. E938-E940 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Hickey ◽  
R. V. Considine ◽  
R. G. Israel ◽  
T. L. Mahar ◽  
M. R. McCammon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Body Fat Content

Leptin, the product of the ob gene, has been reported to be related to body fat in humans (Considine et al. N. Engl. J. Med. 334: 292, 1996). However, little is known about the physiology of this putative satiety signal in humans. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether leptin is related to body fat content in relatively lean endurance-trained adults. In addition, the effect of acute exercise on circulating leptin concentration was studied. Thirteen male runners, whose mean age, height, weight, %fat, and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) were 32.2 +/- 2.5 yr, 176.2 +/- 1.6 cm, 71.9 +/- 6.9 kg, 9.7 +/- 0.9%, and 62.9 +/- 2.2 ml.kg-1.min-1, respectively, were studied. Blood samples were obtained after an overnight fast and again immediately after the completion of a 20-mile run at 70% VO2max under controlled environmental conditions. Serum leptin was closely related to fat mass (r = 0.92) in the runners. Acute exercise had no detectable effect on serum leptin levels (PRE = 2.19 +/- 0.32 ng/ml, POST = 2.14 +/- 0.36 ng/ml). These data indicate that, even at a biological extreme of body fat, circulating leptin concentration is closely related to fat content. Furthermore, the data suggest that, in trained individuals with low leptin concentrations, acute exhaustive exercise has no immediate effect on circulating leptin concentration.

TGF-β1 gene-race interactions for resting and exercise blood pressure in the HERITAGE Family Study

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 1808-1813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel A. Rivera ◽  
Marcos Echegaray ◽  
Tuomo Rankinen ◽  
Louis Pérusse ◽  
Treva Rice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Family Study ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Acute Response ◽  
Exercise Blood Pressure ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Normotensive Subjects ◽  
Response To Exercise

We examined the possible association between a transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 gene polymorphism in codon 10 and blood pressure (BP) at rest, in acute response to exercise in the pretrained (sedentary) and trained states, as well as in its training response (Δ) to 20 wk of endurance exercise. Subjects were 257 black and 480 white, healthy sedentary normotensive subjects from the HERITAGE Family Study. The polymorphism was detected by polymerase chain reaction and digestion with the Msp A1 I endonuclease yielding a wild (leucine-10) and a mutant (proline-10) allele. Resting and exercise [50 W plus 60, 80, and 100% maximal oxygen consumption (V˙o 2 max)] BP were determined before and after training. Significant ( P < 0.05) race-genotype interactions were found for systolic (S) BP in both the sedentary and trained states. Among whites but not in blacks, the TGF-β1 genotypes were significantly ( P < 0.05) associated with sedentary-state SBP at rest, at 50 W, and at 60 and 100% V˙o 2 max as well as with trained-state SBP at rest and at 80 and 100%V˙o 2 max. The leucine-10 homozygotes had significantly ( P < 0.05) lower SBP than proline-10 homozygotes. ΔBP was not significantly associated with genotype. These results support the hypothesis of an association between the TGF-β1 marker in codon 10 and SBP at rest and in response to acute exercise in whites but not in blacks.

Acute sympathetic vasoconstriction at rest and during dynamic exercise in cyclists and sedentary humans

2007 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 704-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Walter Wray ◽  
Anthony J. Donato ◽  
Steven K. Nishiyama ◽  
Russell S. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Vascular Conductance ◽  
Competitive Cyclists ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sedentary Subjects

The impact of exercise training on sympathetic activation is not well understood, especially across untrained and trained limbs in athletes. Therefore, in eight sedentary subjects (maximal oxygen consumption = 40 ± 2 ml·kg−1·min−1) and eight competitive cyclists (maximal oxygen consumption= 64 ± 2 ml·kg−1·min−1), we evaluated heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow, vascular conductance, and vascular resistance in the leg and arm during acute sympathetic stimulation [cold pressor test (CPT)]. The CPT was also performed during dynamic leg (knee extensor) or arm (handgrip) exercise at 50% of maximal work rate (WRmax) with measurements in the exercising limb. At rest, the CPT decreased vascular conductance similarly in the leg and arm of sedentary subjects (−33 ± 8% leg, −38 ± 6% arm) and cyclists (−34 ± 4% leg, −31 ± 9% arm), and during exercise CPT-induced vasoconstriction was blunted (i.e., sympatholysis) in both the leg and arm of both groups. However, the magnitude of sympatholysis was significantly different between the arm and leg of the sedentary group (−47 ± 11% arm, −25 ± 8% leg), and it was less in the arm of cyclists (−28 ± 11%) than sedentary controls. Taken together, these data provide evidence that sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction is expressed equally and globally at rest in both sedentary and trained individuals, with a differential pattern of vasoconstriction during acute exercise according to limb and exercise training status.

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