scholarly journals Noninvasive brain stimulation enhances sustained muscle contractions by reducing neuromuscular fatigue: implications for rehabilitation

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 1215-1217 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Muscle Contractions ◽  
Neuromuscular Fatigue ◽  
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation ◽  
Central Nervous System Disorders

Neuromuscular fatigue is due, in part, to central processes that involve failure of the nervous system to drive muscles maximally during exercise. A recent study by Abdelmoula, Baudry, and Duchateau ( Neuroscience 322: 94–103, 2016) showed that noninvasive brain stimulation can mitigate neuromuscular fatigue, however, does not rely on enhanced corticospinal excitability of the primary motor cortex. These findings are of high clinical importance because rehabilitative therapies are necessary to mitigate neuromuscular fatigue for patients with central nervous system disorders.

scholarly journals Test-Retest Reliability of Homeostatic Plasticity in the Human Primary Motor Cortex

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tribikram Thapa ◽  
Siobhan M. Schabrun
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Homeostatic Plasticity ◽  
Anodal Tdcs ◽  
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Homeostatic plasticity regulates synaptic activity by preventing uncontrolled increases (long-term potentiation) or decreases (long-term depression) in synaptic efficacy. Homeostatic plasticity can be induced and assessed in the human primary motor cortex (M1) using noninvasive brain stimulation. However, the reliability of this methodology has not been investigated. Here, we examined the test-retest reliability of homeostatic plasticity induced and assessed in M1 using noninvasive brain stimulation in ten, right-handed, healthy volunteers on days 0, 2, 7, and 14. Homeostatic plasticity was induced in the left M1 using two blocks of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied for 7 min and 5 min, separated by a 3 min interval. To assess homeostatic plasticity, 15 motor-evoked potentials to single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation were recorded at baseline, between the two blocks of anodal tDCS, and at 0 min, 10 min, and 20 min follow-up. Test-retest reliability was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Moderate-to-good test-retest reliability was observed for the M1 homeostatic plasticity response at all follow-up time points (0 min, 10 min, and 20 min, ICC range: 0.43–0.67) at intervals up to 2 weeks. The greatest reliability was observed when the homeostatic response was assessed at 10 min follow-up (ICC>0.61). These data suggest that M1 homeostatic plasticity can be reliably induced and assessed in healthy individuals using two blocks of anodal tDCS at intervals of 48 hours, 7 days, and 2 weeks.

scholarly journals Multiple areas of the cerebral cortex influence the stomach

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (23) ◽  
pp. 13078-13083 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Levinthal ◽  
Peter L. Strick
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Gut Function ◽  
Transneuronal Transport ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain Connection

The central nervous system both influences and is influenced by the gastrointestinal system. Most research on this gut–brain connection has focused on how ascending signals from the gut and its microbiome alter brain function. Less attention has focused on how descending signals from the central nervous system alter gut function. Here, we used retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus to identify the cortical areas that most directly influence parasympathetic and sympathetic control of the rat stomach. Cortical neurons that influence parasympathetic output to the stomach originated from the rostral insula and portions of medial prefrontal cortex, regions that are associated with interoception and emotional control. In contrast, cortical neurons that influence sympathetic output to the stomach originated overwhelmingly from the primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, and secondary motor cortex, regions that are linked to skeletomotor control and action. Clearly, the two limbs of autonomic control over the stomach are influenced by distinct cortical networks.

scholarly journals Noninvasive brain stimulation can elucidate and interact with the mechanisms underlying motor learning and retention: implications for rehabilitation

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (5) ◽  
pp. 897-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark R. Hinder ◽  
Paola Reissig ◽  
Hakuei Fujiyama
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Learning ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Motor Skill ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation ◽  
Term Potentiation

Seminal work in animals indicates that learning a motor task results in long-term potentiation (LTP) in primary motor cortex (M1) and a subsequent occlusion of LTP induction (Rioult-Pedotti et al. J Neurophysiol 98: 3688–3695, 2007). Using various forms of noninvasive brain stimulation in conjunction with a motor learning paradigm, Cantarero et al. ( J Neurosci 33: 12862–12869, 2013) recently provided novel evidence to support the hypothesis that retention of motor skill is contingent upon this postlearning occlusion.

Biological and anatomical factors influencing interindividual variability to noninvasive brain stimulation of the primary motor cortex: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Pellegrini ◽  
Maryam Zoghi ◽  
Shapour Jaberzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Interindividual Variability ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Anatomical Variation ◽  
Anatomical Variations ◽  
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Parameters

AbstractNoninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) modifies corticospinal excitability (CSE) historically in a predictable manner dependent on stimulation parameters. Researchers, however, discuss high degrees of variability between individuals, either responding as expected or not responding as expected. The explanation for this interindividual variability remains unknown with suggested interplay between stimulation parameters and variations in biological, anatomical, and physiological factors. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effect of variation in inherent factors within an individual (biological and anatomical factors) on CSE in response to NIBS of the primary motor cortex. Twenty-two studies were included investigating genetic variation (n=7), age variation (n=4), gender variation (n=7), and anatomical variation (n=5). The results indicate that variation in brain-derived neurotrophic factor genotypes may have an effect on CSE after NIBS. Variation between younger and older adults also affects CSE after NIBS. Variation between age-matched males and females does not affect CSE after NIBS, but variation across the menstrual cycle does. Variation between skull thickness and brain tissue morphology influences the electric field magnitude that ultimately reaches the primary motor cortex. These findings indicate that biological and anatomical variations may in part account for interindividual variability in CSE in response to NIBS of the primary motor cortex, categorizing individuals as responding as expected (responders) or not responding as expected (nonresponders).

Central nervous system disorders and damage: Implications for stress, anxiety, and depression

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Seibert ◽  
P. D. Parker ◽  
C. M. Patterson ◽  
N. Whitener ◽  
J. O'Donnell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Central Nervous System Disorders
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