Classification of fusimotor fibers in the primate

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Cheney ◽  
J. B. Preston
Keyword(s):  
Conduction Velocity ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Primary Afferent ◽  
Qualitative Effect ◽  
Afferent Discharge ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Afferent Response ◽  
Fiber Stimulation

The classification and distinguishing characteristics of fusimotor fibres of the baboon soleus muscle have been studied by determining the effects of single fusimotor fiber stimulation on the response of isolated spindle afferents to muscle stretch. As in the cat, fusimotor fibres in the baboon were divisible into static and dynamic types on the basis of the effect of their stimulation at 200/s on the dynamic index of the primary afferent. Single fusimotor fibres had the same qualitative effect-static or dynamic-on all the primary afferents they were found to influence. All static fusimotor fibres produced at least 1 to 1 driving of primary afferent discharge at 50/s if the muscle length was adjusted to optimize conditions for driving. In contrast, 31 of 32 dynamic fusimotor fibres did not produce driving of primary afferent discharge even though all were studied at many different muscle lengths and frequencies of stimulation. Therefore, fusimotor fibres in the baboon could be classified as static or dynamic on the basis of their ability to produce driving of the primary afferent. The ratio of isolated static to dynamic fusimotor fibers was 1.5 to 1. The mean conduction velocity of static fusimotor fibers was 24.1 m/s and that of dynamics was 20.2 m/s. Although the difference between these two means was statistically significant (P less than 0.001), the conduction velocity histograms of static and dynamic fusimotors overlapped, precluding classification by this means. Secondary afferents with one possible exception were concluded to be exclusively activated by static fusimotor fibers. Poststimulus effects of fusimotor stimulation on primary afferent response to stretch were studied. With intervals between the end of stimulation and the beginning of stretch of 0.1 s, dynamic fusimotor stimulation produced facilitation of the primary afferent response to stretch, whereas static fusimotor fibers produced depression.

scholarly journals Prospective Evaluation of Health Care Provider and Patient Assessments in Chemotherapy Induced Peripheral Neurotoxicity

Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012300
Author(s):  
Paola Alberti ◽  
Davide Paolo Bernasconi ◽  
David R. Cornblath ◽  
Ingemar Sergio Jose Merkies ◽  
Susanna B Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Status ◽  
Change Score ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Peripheral Neurotoxicity ◽  
Johns Hopkins University ◽  
Clinically Important Deterioration ◽  
Patient Assessments ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

OBJECTIVEThere is not agreement on the “gold standard” for detection and grading of Chemotherapy Induced Peripheral Neurotoxicity (CIPN) in clinical trials. We performed an observational prospective study to assess and compare both patient-based and physician-based methods.METHODSConsecutive patients, aged 18 years or older, candidates for neurotoxic chemotherapy were enrolled in US/EU/Australia. A trained investigator performed physician-based scales (Total Neuropathy Score clinical [©Johns Hopkins University; TNSc], then used to calculate TNS nurse [TNSn]) and supervised the patient-completed questionnaire (FACT/GOG-NTX©). Evaluations were performed before and at the end of chemotherapy. On participants without neuropathy at baseline we assessed the association between TNSc, TNSn and FACT/GOG-NTX. Considering a previously established Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) for FACT/GOG-NTX, we identified participants with and without a clinically important deterioration according to this scale. Then, we calculated the MCID for TNSc and TNSn as the difference in the mean change score of these scales between the two groups.RESULTSData from 254 participants were available, 180 (71%) had normal neurological status at baseline. At the end of the study, 88% of participants developed any grade of neuropathy. TNSc, TNSn and FACT/GOG-NTX showed good responsiveness (standardized mean change from baseline to end of chemotherapy >1 for all scales). On the 153 participants without neuropathy at baseline and treated with a known neurotoxic chemotherapy regimen we verified a moderate correlation in both TNSc and TNSn scores with FACT/GOG-NTX (Spearman correlation index r=0.6). On the same sample, considering as clinically important a change in the FACT/GOG-NTX score of at least 3.3 points, the MCID was 3.7 for TNSc and 2.8 for the TNSn.CONCLUSIONSMCID for TNSc and TNSn have been calculated, and the TNSn can be considered a reliable alternative objective clinical assessment if a more extended neurological examination is not possible. Moreover, the FACT/GOG-NTX score can be reduced to 7 items and these items correlate well with the TNSc and TNSn.CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCEThis study provides Class III evidence that a patient-completed questionnaire and nurse-assessed scale correlate with a physician-assessed scale.

scholarly journals Efficient feature for classification of eye movements using electrooculography signals

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (suppl. 2) ◽  
pp. 563-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pornchai Phukpattaranont ◽  
Siriwadee Aungsakul ◽  
Angkoon Phinyomark ◽  
Chusak Limsakul
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Computer Interface ◽  
Human Computer Interface ◽  
Scatter Plot ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Maximum Peak ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Feature Values

Electrooculography (EOG) signal is widely and successfully used to detect activities of human eye. The advantages of the EOG-based interface over other conventional interfaces have been presented in the last two decades; however, due to a lot of information in EOG signals, the extraction of useful features should be done before the classification task. In this study, an efficient feature extracted from two directional EOG signals: vertical and horizontal signals has been presented and evaluated. There are the maximum peak and valley amplitude values, the maximum peak and valley position values, and slope, which are derived from both vertical and horizontal signals. In the experiments, EOG signals obtained from five healthy subjects with ten directional eye movements were employed: up, down, right, left, up-right, up-left, down-right down-left clockwise and counterclockwise. The mean feature values and their standard deviations have been reported. The difference between the mean values of the proposed feature from different eye movements can be clearly seen. Using the scatter plot, the differences in features can be also clearly observed. Results show that classification accuracy can approach 100% with a simple distinction feature rule. The proposed features can be useful for various advanced human-computer interface applications in future researches.

Cutting, Impingement, Contact, Endurance, Flexibility, and Asymmetric/Overhead Sports: Is There a Difference in Return-to-Sport Rate After Arthroscopic Femoroacetabular Impingement Surgery? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 036354652095044
Author(s):  
Ioanna K. Bolia ◽  
Hansel Ihn ◽  
Hyunwoo P. Kang ◽  
Cory K. Mayfield ◽  
Karen K. Briggs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hip Arthroscopy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Return To Sport ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Intraoperative Procedures ◽  
Overhead Athletes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Background: Previous studies have established a classification of sports based on hip mechanics: cutting, impingement, contact, endurance, flexibility, and asymmetric/overhead. No previous review has compared the outcomes of hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) using this classification. Purpose: To determine whether the rate of return to sport differs among cutting, impingement, contact, endurance, flexibility, and asymmetric/overhead athletes who undergo hip arthroscopy for FAIS. We also aimed to identify differences in patient characteristics, intraoperative procedures performed, and time to return to play among the 6 sport categories. Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: Three electronic databases were searched for eligible articles. Two reviewers independently screened the titles, abstract, and full-text articles using prespecified criteria. Eligible articles were those that reported the rate of return to sport (defined by the number of hips) after hip arthroscopy for FAIS in athletes of all levels. Data collected were patient age, sex, body mass index, type of sport, rate and time to return to sport, and intraoperative procedures performed. A mixed effects model was used for meta-analysis. Results: A total of 29 articles and 1426 hip arthroscopy cases were analyzed with 185 cutting, 258 impingement, 304 contact, 207 endurance, 116 flexibility, and 356 asymmetric/overhead athletes. The mean age was similar among the 6 subgroups ( P = .532), but the proportion of female athletes was significantly higher in flexibility, endurance, and asymmetric/overhead sports as compared with impingement and contact athletes. Flexibility athletes had the highest rate of return to sport after hip arthroscopy for FAIS (94.8%), whereas contact athletes had the lowest rate (88%). The longest mean ± SD time (8.5 ± 1.9 months) to return to sport was reported in cutting sports, while endurance athletes returned faster than the rest (5.4 ± 2.6 months). The difference in rate and time to return to sport, as well as the intraoperative procedure performed, did not reach statistical significance among the 6 subgroups. There was evidence of publication bias and study heterogeneity, and the mean Methodological Index for Non-randomized Studies score was 13 ± 2.6. Conclusion: Flexibility athletes had the highest rate of return to sport after hip arthroscopy for FAIS, while endurance athletes returned the fastest. The difference in rate and time to return to sport and intraoperative procedures performed did not reach statistical significance among the 6 subgroups. These results are limited by the evidence of publication bias and should be interpreted with caution. Laboratory-based studies are necessary to validate the classification of sports based on hip mechanics.

scholarly journals Primary Shoulder Arthroplasty Versus Conservative Treatment for Comminuted Proximal Humeral Fractures: A Systematic Literature Review

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis den Hartog ◽  
Jeroen de Haan ◽  
Niels W. Schep ◽  
Wim E. Tuinebreijer
Keyword(s):  
Conservative Treatment ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Constant Score ◽  
Proximal Humeral Fractures ◽  
Humeral Fractures ◽  
Conservative Group ◽  
Electronic Search ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

The objective was to identify whether arthroplasty or conservative treatment is the best available treatment for three- and four-part proximal humeral fractures by analyzing the outcome measure of the Constant score. We conducted an electronic search. The systematic review included 33 studies encompassing 1096 patients with three- or four-part proximal humeral fractures that used the Constant score as outcome measure. The mean Constant score in the conservative group was 66.5 and in the arthroplasty group was 55.5. The difference could be attributed to selection bias, unreliable classification of the fractures and inter-observer differences in the assessment of the Constant score.

scholarly journals Energy Expenditure of Standing Compared to Sitting While Conducting Office Tasks

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 1078-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Burns ◽  
Cuisle Forde ◽  
Sara Dockrell
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Office Work ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Intensity Physical Activity ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Workplace Needs ◽  
The Difference

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the energy expenditure of common office-based tasks. The objectives were to: (a) test the classification of tasks as sedentary or light-intensity physical activity and (b) compare the energy expenditure of tasks under two postural conditions (sitting and standing). Background The sedentary nature of office work has been highlighted as a health risk, and strategies to reduce sedentary behavior at work have been developed. However, there is limited evidence to guide the utilization of sit-stand workstations in the workplace for metabolic health benefits. Method A repeated measures laboratory-based study compared the energy expenditure of common office tasks in sitting and standing using indirect calorimetry ( n = 22). Four standardized tasks (sitting/standing quietly, reading, typing, sorting paper) under two postural conditions (sitting, standing) were performed in a randomized order. Results The mean energy expenditure for all tasks in sitting and standing was <1.5 METs. There were no significant differences in the energy expenditure of doing the same task in sitting compared to standing. In a repeated measures ANOVA, task ( p < .001) had a greater influence on METs expended than posture ( p = .030). Conclusion The study confirmed that the difference in energy expenditure of tasks carried out in sitting compared to standing is negligible. Application The ubiquitous use and utility of sit-stand workstations in the workplace needs to be reviewed. Notwithstanding the potential benefits of movement that may occur naturally, this study confirmed that standing as opposed to sitting does not produce a clinically important increase in energy expenditure.

The Effect of Vocabulary Intervention on Text Comprehension: Who Benefits?

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawna Duff
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Classroom Instruction ◽  
Vocabulary Instruction ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Vocabulary Knowledge ◽  
Vocabulary Intervention ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Purpose Vocabulary intervention can improve comprehension of texts containing taught words, but it is unclear if all middle school readers get this benefit. This study tests 2 hypotheses about variables that predict response to vocabulary treatment on text comprehension: gains in vocabulary knowledge due to treatment and pretreatment reading comprehension scores. Method Students in Grade 6 ( N = 23) completed a 5-session intervention based on robust vocabulary instruction (RVI). Knowledge of the semantics of taught words was measured pre- and posttreatment. Participants then read 2 matched texts, 1 containing taught words (treated) and 1 not (untreated). Treated texts and taught word lists were counterbalanced across participants. The difference between text comprehension scores in treated and untreated conditions was taken as a measure of the effect of RVI on text comprehension. Results RVI resulted in significant gains in knowledge of taught words ( d RM = 2.26) and text comprehension ( d RM = 0.31). The extent of gains in vocabulary knowledge after vocabulary treatment did not predict the effect of RVI on comprehension of texts. However, untreated reading comprehension scores moderated the effect of the vocabulary treatment on text comprehension: Lower reading comprehension was associated with greater gains in text comprehension. Readers with comprehension scores below the mean experienced large gains in comprehension, but those with average/above average reading comprehension scores did not. Conclusion Vocabulary instruction had a larger effect on text comprehension for readers in Grade 6 who had lower untreated reading comprehension scores. In contrast, the amount that children learned about taught vocabulary did not predict the effect of vocabulary instruction on text comprehension. This has implications for the identification of 6th-grade students who would benefit from classroom instruction or clinical intervention targeting vocabulary knowledge.

Efficacy and Safety of Oral Ivermectin and Topical Permethrin in the Treatment of Scabies

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Mohsena Akhter ◽  
Ishrat Bhuiyan ◽  
Zulfiqer Hossain Khan ◽  
Mahfuza Akhter ◽  
Gulam Kazem Ali Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Common Skin ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group B

Background: Scabies is one of the most common skin diseases in our country. It is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis, which is an ecto-parasite infesting the epidermis. Scabies is highly contagious. Prevalence is high in congested or densely populated areas. Individuals with close contact with an affected person should be treated with scabicidal which is available in both oral and topical formulations. The only oral but highly effective scabicidal known to date is Ivermectin. Amongst topical preparations, Permethrin 5 % cream is the treatment of choice. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy & safety of oral Ivermectin compared to topical Permethrin in the treatment of scabies. Methodology: This prospective, non-randomized study was conducted at the out-patient department of Dermatology and Venereology of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College & Hospital over a period of 6 months, from August 2016 to January 2017. The study population consisted of one hundred patients having scabies, enrolled according to inclusion criteria. They were divided into two groups. group A was subjected to oral Ivermectin and the group B to Permethrin 5% cream. Patients were followed up on day 7 and 14 for assessment of efficacy and safety. Result: The mean scoring with SD in group A (Ivermectin) and group B (Permethrin) were 8.26 ± 2.22 and 7.59 ± 2.01 respectively at the time of observation. The difference between the mean score of the two group is not significant (p=0.117) the mean scoring with SD in group A and group B were 4.54 ± 2.05 and 1.64 ± 1.84 respectively at 7thdays. The difference between the mean score of the two group is significant (p<0.001). The mean scoring with SD in group A and group B were 2.68± 2.35 and .36± 1.10 respectively at 14th day difference between the mean score of the group is significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: Topical application of permethrin 5% cream is more effective and safer than oral Ivermectin in the treatment of scabies. TAJ 2020; 33(1): 41-47

EFFECTS OF SYNTHETIC LH/FSH-RELEASING HORMONE (LRH) ON PLASMA LH AND FSH IN AMENORRHOEIC WOMEN

1974 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Rannevik ◽  
J. Thorell
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Serial Measurements

ABSTRACT Eight amenorrhoeic women were given 100 μg synthetic LRH (Hoechst) iv and im, respectively, at an interval of 2 weeks. Four of the women received the iv injection first and four the im injection. The urinary excretion of oestrogens and pregnanediol was low and unaltered throughout the test weeks. The effects of LRH were compared by serial measurements of the plasma LH and FSH during 8 h. The initial response of LH for up to 25 min and that of FSH for up to 60 min were equal whether LRH was given iv or im. The difference appeared later. Four hours after the injection the mean increase of LH to iv injection was 0.5 ng/ml (N. S.), while that to im injection was 1.9 ng/ml (P < 0.01). The corresponding values for FSH were 1.3 (P < 0.05) and 3.2 (P < 0.001). The effect of LRH administration im was thus found to be larger and more prolonged.

Depression, pain, and site:

1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
Molina Omar Franklin ◽  
Tavares Gimenes Pablo ◽  
Aquilino Raphael ◽  
Rank Rise ◽  
Coelho Santos Zeila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Analogue Scale ◽  
Beck Depression Inventory ◽  
Temporomandibular Disorders ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Depression Severity ◽  
Internal Joint ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Biomechanical Tests

Objective: To assess the level of depression, severity of pain and pain in single/multiple sites in patients with different severity of bruxing behavior and Temporomandibular Disorders (TMDs). Methods: We evaluated 131 patients with bruxism and TMDs: 20 patients with mild bruxism, 42 patients with moderate bruxism, 45 patients with severe bruxism and 24 patients with extreme bruxism. We used the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), clinical examination, a questionnaire of clinical epidemiological data, criteria for TMDs and bruxism, palpation of muscles and joints, the Visual Analogue Scale for pain, classification of the occlusion and biomechanical tests to assess for internal joint derangements. Results: The level of depression increased from the mild, to the moderate, severe and extreme bruxing behavior groups, but the difference was significant only from the mild to the extreme group (p<0.001). Pain levels increased from the mild and moderate to the severe and extreme subgroups, but were not statistically significant. Mean number of pain sites increased from the mild, to the moderate, severe and extreme subgroup and the difference was extremely significant (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Levels of depression, severity of pain and pain sites increased with severity of bruxing behavior. A higher number of pain sites with more severe bruxism indicates somatization in bruxers, but a further study using the same protocol and a psychological test for somatization would be indicated to further substantiate these findings.

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