Self-beneficial belief updating as a coping mechanism for stress-induced negative affect

Being confronted with social-evaluative stress elicits a physiological and a psychological stress response. This calls for regulatory processes to manage negative affect and maintain self-related optimistic beliefs. The aim of the current study was to investigate the affect-regulating potential of self-related updating of ability beliefs after exposure to social-evaluative stress, in comparison to non-social physical stress or no stress. We assessed self-related belief updating using trial-by-trial performance feedback and described the updating behavior in a mechanistic way using computational modeling. We found that social-evaluative stress was accompanied by an increase in cortisol and negative affect which was related to a positive shift in self-related belief updating. This self-beneficial belief updating, which was absent after physical stress or control, was associated with a better recovery from stress-induced negative affect. This indicates that enhanced integration of positive self-related feedback can act as a coping strategy to deal with social-evaluative stress.

Effort and Learning-Related Choices: the Impact of Sympathetic Activity and Ability Beliefs

Previous research shows that some students view their abilities as malleable with effort and aim to improve themselves (incremental beliefs), while others believe abilities are fixed and cannot change with effort and aim to prove themselves (entity beliefs). Here, we investigated how such beliefs in undergraduates (n=115) relate to their effort investment during a challenging arithmetic task, indexed by 1) whether they make low vs high effort learning-related choices (easy vs difficult problems) 2) sympathetic activity measured with impedance cardiography as physiological measure of effort. Results show that incremental theorists chose relatively higher difficulty levels compared to entity theorists. Moreover, higher effort, as indexed by higher sympathetic activity, was associated with subsequently choosing lower difficulty levels. This effect was stronger for entity theorists than incremental theorists, indicating that seemed more inclined to avoid higher sympathetic activity, in line with our finding that entity theorists reported more helplessness attributions.

Pengaruh Konseling Dengan Pendekatan Transtheoretical Model Terhadap Kepatuhan Peserta Bukan Penerima Upah di Kota Cimahi

Non-Wage Participant Compliance (PBPU) will affect to the accuracy of paying the National Health Insurance Program (JKN). Counseling with the Transtheoretical Model approach can affect PBPU’s compliance in paying contributions. The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of counseling with the Transtheoretical Model approach to the compliance of PBPU paying dues in Cimahi city. This study uses a mixed method design with a sequential exploratory strategy. Cadre’s understanding and perceptions about the JKN program and the Transtheoretical Model are known from the qualitative results. Quantitative research analyzes the effect of counseling with the Transtheoretical Model approach to PBPU compliance. The sample was determined by means of purposive sampling, obtained 7 qualitative sample respondents and 28 for quantitative samples. Qualitative data were collected through in depth interviews and then transcribed, coding, categorizing, and creating themes. Counseling influence test with the Transtheoretical Model approach can be seen from the change in behavior stages at the first visit and the eighth visit (pre and post test) processed using SPSS. Qualitative results show that the cadres have a good perception and understanding on the JKN program, but perceptions and understanding of counseling with the transtheoretical model approach are not all known and understood. The results of quantitative analysis showed that counseling with the Transtheoretical Model approach affected PBPU compliance (ρ = 0.00). Factors that influence PBPU’s compliance in paying fees include, motives for being a participant , ease of access, JKN access experience, economy, PBPU’s ability, beliefs and policies. Abstrak Kepatuhan Peserta bukan Penerima Upah (PBPU) akan mempengaruhi ketepatan membayar iuran Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN). Konseling dengan pendekatan Transtheoretical Model dapat mempengaruhi kepatuhan PBPU membayar iuran. Transtheoretical Model menyebutkan bahwa perubahan perilaku adalah proses yang terjadi secara bertahap, berusaha untuk mengubah perilaku untuk bergerak melalui tahapan yang berbeda menggunakan berbagai proses untuk mendapatkan perubahan dari satu tahap ke tahap berikutnya sampai perilaku yang diinginkan tercapai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh konseling dengan pendekatan Transtheoretical Model terhadap kepatuhan PBPU membayar iuran di Kota Cimahi. Penelitian ini menggunakan design mixed method dengan strategi sequential exploratory. Pemahaman dan persepsi kader tentang program JKN dan Transtheoretical Model diketahui dari hasil kualitatif. Penelitian kuantitatif menganalisis pengaruh konseling dengan pendekatan Transtheoretical Model terhadap kepatuhan PBPU. Sampel ditentukan dengan cara purposive sampling didapatkan 7 responden sampel kualitatif dan 28 responden sampel kuantitatif. Data kualitatif dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam kemudian ditranskripsi, koding, kategorisasi, dan pembuatan tema. Uji pengaruh konseling dengan pendekatan Transtheoretical Model dilihat dari perubahan tahap perilaku di kunjungan pertama dan kunjungan kedelapan (pre dan post test) diolah menggunakan SPSS. Hasil kualitatif menunjukkan kader memiliki persepsi dan pemahaman yang baik tentang program JKN, namun persepsi dan pemahaman tentang konseling dengan pendekatan Transtheoretical Model belum seluruhnya mengetahui dan memahami. Hasil analisis kuantitatif menunjukan bahwa konseling dengan pendekatan Transtheoretical Model berpengaruh terhadap kepatuhan PBPU (ρ=0,00). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kepatuhan PBPU dalam membayar iuran antara lain, motif menjadi peserta, kemudahan akses, pengalaman akses JKN, ekonomi, kemampuan PBPU, keyakinan, dan kebijakan.

Students’ ability beliefs about running in physical education: Qualitative findings from longitudinal data

Students’ ability beliefs about running activities in physical education/athletics classes were investigated longitudinally from the perspectives of Nicholls’ conceptions of ability and Dweck’s implicit theories of ability. The data for this study were provided by 44 students (20 boys; 24 girls) who participated in a larger longitudinal project on students’ running motivation in schools. They were individually interviewed from fourth to eighth grade. All interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim for inductive analysis, revealing the criteria that students used to assess their own ability in running and reasons why they believed they could improve their ability in running. Frequencies and percentages were computed to determine changes in students’ ability assessment criteria over time. Results showed that students used ability, effort, task mastery, intra-individual comparisons, and social comparisons as criteria to assess their own ability in running as they progressed from the fourth to eighth grade. However, they increasingly used social comparison in assessment as they became older. Most students believed they could improve their ability in running, suggesting that they were incremental theorists. Ability/maturation, effort, experiences, and influences from significant others were cited as contributors to their beliefs about improving running ability. This study took the first step to provide longitudinal qualitative data on students’ ability beliefs about running in physical education/athletics classes. Findings of the study revealed students became more concerned with social comparisons in their ability assessments over time and held a belief that they could improve their own running ability. The implications of these findings for physical education teachers are discussed.