scholarly journals Triggering Slow Waves During NREM Sleep in the Rat by Intracortical Electrical Stimulation: Effects of Sleep/Wake History and Background Activity

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 1921-1931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladyslav V. Vyazovskiy ◽  
Ugo Faraguna ◽  
Chiara Cirelli ◽  
Giulio Tononi
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Neuronal Population ◽  
Slow Waves ◽  
Light Onset ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
Electrical Pulses ◽  
Local Field Potential Lfp

In humans, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep slow waves occur not only spontaneously but can also be induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Here we investigated whether slow waves can also be induced by intracortical electrical stimulation during sleep in rats. Intracortical local field potential (LFP) recordings were obtained from several cortical locations while the frontal or the parietal area was stimulated intracortically with brief (0.1 ms) electrical pulses. Recordings were performed in early sleep (1st 2–3 h after light onset) and late sleep (6–8 h after light onset). The stimuli reliably triggered LFP potentials that were visually indistinguishable from naturally occurring slow waves. The induced slow waves shared the following features with spontaneous slow waves: they were followed by spindling activity in the same frequency range (∼15 Hz) as spontaneously occurring sleep spindles; they propagated through the neocortex from the area of the stimulation; and compared with late sleep, waves triggered during early sleep were larger, had steeper slopes and fewer multipeaks. Peristimulus background spontaneous activity had a profound influence on the amplitude of the induced slow waves: they were virtually absent if the stimulus was delivered immediately after the spontaneous slow wave. These results show that in the rat a volley of electrical activity that is sufficiently strong to excite and recruit a large cortical neuronal population is capable of inducing slow waves during natural sleep.

scholarly journals Decoupling Action Potential Bias from Cortical Local Field Potentials

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen V. David ◽  
Nicolas Malaval ◽  
Shihab A. Shamma
Keyword(s):  
Local Field ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
Neuronal Population ◽  
Neuron Activity ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Population Activity ◽  
Local Field Potential Lfp ◽  
Single Neuron Activity ◽  
Filtering Procedure

Neurophysiologists have recently become interested in studying neuronal population activity through local field potential (LFP) recordings during experiments that also record the activity of single neurons. This experimental approach differs from early LFP studies because it uses high impendence electrodes that can also isolate single neuron activity. A possible complication for such studies is that the synaptic potentials and action potentials of the small subset of isolated neurons may contribute disproportionately to the LFP signal, biasing activity in the larger nearby neuronal population to appear synchronous and cotuned with these neurons. To address this problem, we used linear filtering techniques to remove features correlated with spike events from LFP recordings. This filtering procedure can be applied for well-isolated single units or multiunit activity. We illustrate the effects of this correction in simulation and on spike data recorded from primary auditory cortex. We find that local spiking activity can explain a significant portion of LFP power at most recording sites and demonstrate that removing the spike-correlated component can affect measurements of auditory tuning of the LFP.

Repetitive Potentials Following Brief Electric Stimuli in a Hydroid

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-593
Author(s):  
ROBERT K. JOSEPHSON
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Average Velocity ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Repetitive Stimulation ◽  
Conducting System ◽  
Threshold Intensity ◽  
Electric Shocks ◽  
Electrical Pulses ◽  
Minimum Interval ◽  
Shape And Size

1. Electrical pulses (amplitude -0.05 to -15 mV.; duration 20-120 msec.) have been recorded from the stolon of Cordylophora lacustris following stimulation. These pulses are propagated with an average velocity of 2.7 cm./sec. at 22° C. 2. Brief electric shocks of little more than threshold intensity can evoke bursts of pulses. The number of pulses in a burst increases with stimulus intensity, but the shape and size of individual pulses do not. 3. Repetitive stimulation causes facilitation of both size of single pulses and number of pulses in a burst. Refractory period, if present, is variable. The minimum interval between two pulses is about 200 msec. 4. Mechanical stimulation evokes pulses identical to those evoked by electrical stimulation. 5. The greater the number of pulses recorded in the stolon near a polyp, the greater and faster is the contraction of that polyp. 6. The number of pulses, but not their individual sizes, decreases with increasing distance from the point of stimulation. 7. It is concluded that conduction in the stolon and the electrical pulses are due to nervous activity and that the conducting system is a network having interneural junctions which sometimes require to be facilitated.

Coherent network oscillations by olfactory interneurons: modulation by endogenous amines

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1930-1939 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gelperin ◽  
L. D. Rhines ◽  
J. Flores ◽  
D. W. Tank
Keyword(s):  
Second Messengers ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Odor Recognition ◽  
Axonal Projections ◽  
Odor Learning ◽  
Olfactory Systems ◽  
Olfactory Interneurons ◽  
Limax Maximus ◽  
Local Field Potential Lfp

1. The procerebral (PC) lobe of the terrestrial mollusk Limax maximus contains a highly interconnected network of local olfactory interneurons that receives direct axonal projections from the two pairs of noses. This olfactory processing network generates a 0.7-Hz oscillation in its local field potential (LFP) that is coherent throughout the network. The oscillating LFP is modulated by natural odorants applied to the neuroepithelium of the superior nose. 2. Two amines known to be present in the PC lobe, dopamine and serotonin, increase the frequency of the PC lobe oscillation and alter its waveform. 3. Glutamate, another putative neurotransmitter known to be present in the lobe, suppresses the PC lobe oscillation by a quisqualate-type receptor and appears to be used by one of the two classes of neurons in the PC lobe to generate the basic LFP oscillation. 4. The known activation of second messengers in Limax PC lobe by dopamine and serotonin together with their effects on the oscillatory rhythm suggest the hypothesis that these amines augment mechanisms mediating synaptic plasticity in the olfactory network, similar to hypothesized effects of amines in vertebrate olfactory systems. 5. The use of a distributed network of interneurons showing coherent oscillations may relate to the highly developed odor recognition and odor learning ability of Limax.

scholarly journals Oscillatory integration windows in neurons

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitin Gupta ◽  
Swikriti Saran Singh ◽  
Mark Stopfer
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Coincidence Detection ◽  
Uniform Structure ◽  
Detection Mechanism ◽  
Oscillation Frequencies ◽  
Local Field Potential Lfp ◽  
Oscillatory Cycle

AbstractOscillatory synchrony among neurons occurs in many species and brain areas, and has been proposed to help neural circuits process information. One hypothesis states that oscillatory input creates cyclic integration windows: specific times in each oscillatory cycle when postsynaptic neurons become especially responsive to inputs. With paired local field potential (LFP) and intracellular recordings and controlled stimulus manipulations we directly tested this idea in the locust olfactory system. We found that inputs arriving in Kenyon cells (KCs) sum most effectively in a preferred window of the oscillation cycle. With a computational model, we found that the non-uniform structure of noise in the membrane potential helps mediate this process. Further experiments performed in vivo demonstrated that integration windows can form in the absence of inhibition and at a broad range of oscillation frequencies. Our results reveal how a fundamental coincidence-detection mechanism in a neural circuit functions to decode temporally organized spiking.

scholarly journals Differential Recordings of Local Field Potential:A Genuine Tool to Quantify Functional Connectivity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meyer Gabriel ◽  
Caponcy Julien ◽  
Paul A. Salin ◽  
Comte Jean-Christophe
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Local Field ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Electrophysiological Method ◽  
Local Field Potential Lfp

AbstractLocal field potential (LFP) recording is a very useful electrophysiological method to study brain processes. However, this method is criticized for recording low frequency activity in a large area of extracellular space potentially contaminated by distal activity. Here, we theoretically and experimentally compare ground-referenced (RR) with differential recordings (DR). We analyze electrical activity in the rat cortex with these two methods. Compared with RR, DR reveals the importance of local phasic oscillatory activities and their coherence between cortical areas. Finally, we show that DR provides a more faithful assessment of functional connectivity caused by an increase in the signal to noise ratio, and of the delay in the propagation of information between two cortical structures.

scholarly journals Bidirectional Interaction of Hippocampal Ripples and Cortical Slow Waves Leads to Coordinated Spiking Activity During NREM Sleep

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 324-340
Author(s):  
Pavel Sanda ◽  
Paola Malerba ◽  
Xi Jiang ◽  
Giri P Krishnan ◽  
Jorge Gonzalez-Martinez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slow Wave ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Slow Waves ◽  
Slow Oscillation ◽  
Cortical Input ◽  
Sharp Wave ◽  
Up States ◽  
Intracranial Recordings

Abstract The dialogue between cortex and hippocampus is known to be crucial for sleep-dependent memory consolidation. During slow wave sleep, memory replay depends on slow oscillation (SO) and spindles in the (neo)cortex and sharp wave-ripples (SWRs) in the hippocampus. The mechanisms underlying interaction of these rhythms are poorly understood. We examined the interaction between cortical SO and hippocampal SWRs in a model of the hippocampo–cortico–thalamic network and compared the results with human intracranial recordings during sleep. We observed that ripple occurrence peaked following the onset of an Up-state of SO and that cortical input to hippocampus was crucial to maintain this relationship. A small fraction of ripples occurred during the Down-state and controlled initiation of the next Up-state. We observed that the effect of ripple depends on its precise timing, which supports the idea that ripples occurring at different phases of SO might serve different functions, particularly in the context of encoding the new and reactivation of the old memories during memory consolidation. The study revealed complex bidirectional interaction of SWRs and SO in which early hippocampal ripples influence transitions to Up-state, while cortical Up-states control occurrence of the later ripples, which in turn influence transition to Down-state.

scholarly journals 0066 Glycinergic Postsynaptic Inhibition is Responsible for the Suppression of Hypoglossal Motoneuron Activity During Naturally-Occurring REM Sleep

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A27-A27
Author(s):  
C Tobin ◽  
S J Fung ◽  
M Xi ◽  
M H Chase
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Hypoglossal Nerve ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
T Test ◽  
Hypoglossal Nucleus ◽  
Postsynaptic Inhibition ◽  
Nerve Activity ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Hypoglossal Motoneuron ◽  
Motoneuron Activity

Abstract Introduction The present study was undertaken to explore the role of glycinergic postsynaptic inhibition and monoaminergic disfacilitation (a withdrawal of excitatory noradrenergic and serotonergic inputs) in the control of hypoglossal motoneuron activity during REM sleep. Accordingly, glycinergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic antagonists were microinjected into the hypoglossal nucleus, and their effects on the hypoglossal nerve activity during REM sleep were examined in chronically-instrumented, unanesthetized cats. Methods Adults cats were prepared for monitoring behavioral states of sleep and wakefulness, and for extracellular recordings from hypoglossal nerve. Strychnine (a glycinergic antagonist) and a mixture of prazosin (a noradrenergic antagonist) and methysergide (a serotonergic antagonist) were microinjected, separately, into the hypoglossal nucleus during naturally-occurring states of sleep and wakefulness. Results During REM sleep, compared to non-REM sleep, the hypoglossal nerve activity decreased by 17.4±1.5% (n=17) in the control recordings (prior to the injection of strychnine). Following the microinjection of strychnine, there was only a mean decrease of 7.2±1.2% (n=12) in the nerve activity during REM sleep versus NREM sleep. The strychnine effect was statistically significant compared to control (p<0.001; unpaired t-test), which indicates that strychnine blocks REM sleep-related suppression of hypoglossal nerve activity. In contrast, the microinjection of prazosin and methysergide did not significantly reduce the hypoglossal nerve activity during REM sleep (control: 15.9±2.3, n=9 vs. prazosin+methysergide: 12.6±1.4%, n=10, p=0.229, unpaired t-test). Conclusion The present results demonstrate that the microapplication of strychnine, but not prazosin and methysergide, into the hypoglossal nucleus significantly reduces the suppression of the hypoglossal nerve activity during naturally-occurring REM sleep. We therefore suggest that glycinergic postsynaptic inhibition is primarily responsible for the suppression of hypoglossal motoneuron activity during REM sleep. Support 5R01NS094062

Coherent Electrical Activity Between Vibrissa Sensory Areas of Cerebellum and Neocortex Is Enhanced During Free Whisking

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 2137-2148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean M. O'Connor ◽  
Rune W. Berg ◽  
David Kleinfeld
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Sensory Cortex ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Low Coherence ◽  
Primary Sensory Cortex ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Local Field Potential Lfp

We tested if coherent signaling between the sensory vibrissa areas of cerebellum and neocortex in rats was enhanced as they whisked in air. Whisking was accompanied by 5- to 15-Hz oscillations in the mystatial electromyogram, a measure of vibrissa position, and by 5- to 20-Hz oscillations in the differentially recorded local field potential (∇LFP) within the vibrissa area of cerebellum and within the ∇LFP of primary sensory cortex. We observed that only 10% of the activity in either cerebellum or sensory neocortex was significantly phase-locked to rhythmic motion of the vibrissae; the extent of this modulation is in agreement with the results from previous single-unit measurements in sensory neocortex. In addition, we found that 40% of the activity in the vibrissa areas of cerebellum and neocortex was significantly coherent during periods of whisking. The relatively high level of coherence between these two brain areas, in comparison with their relatively low coherence with whisking per se, implies that the vibrissa areas of cerebellum and neocortex communicate in a manner that is incommensurate with whisking. To the extent that the vibrissa areas of cerebellum and neocortex communicate over the same frequency band as that used by whisking, these areas must multiplex electrical activity that is internal to the brain with activity that is that phase-locked to vibrissa sensory input.

Discharge properties of pontine reticulospinal neurons during sleep-waking cycle

1978 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 821-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Wyzinski ◽  
R. W. McCarley ◽  
J. A. Hobson
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Firing Rate ◽  
Neuronal Population ◽  
Spinal Reflex ◽  
Reticular Nucleus ◽  
Medullary Reticular Formation ◽  
Reticulospinal Neurons ◽  
Reflex Pathways ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Generator Function

1. Reticulospinal neurons were identified by antidromic invasion from spinal cord electrodes chronically implanted at C4 in cats. 2. Most of the neuronal population studied lay within the medial portion of the giant cell field from the anterior pontine and to the anterior medullary reticular formation (FTG). A few cells were found in the tegmental reticular nucleus (TRC) which has not previously been known to project to the spinal cord. 3. Extracellular action potentials from the neuronal somata of the identified neurons were recorded continuously throughout naturally occurring sleep-waking cycles. 4. The identified reticulospinal neurons shared three properties, suggesting a generator function in desynchronized sleep (D) (with previously recorded but unidentified FTG neurons): selectivity (or concentration of discharge in D); tonic latency (or firing rate increases beginning several minutes prior to D); and phasic latency (or firing rate increases occurring prior to eye movements within D). 5. The location, discharge properties, and spinal projections of FTG neurons are, thus, all consistent with the hypothesis that they may directly mediate some of the descending excitatory and inhibitory influences on spinal reflex pathways in desynchronized sleep.

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