Sensitivity and Detectability Limits for Elemental Analysis by Proton-Induced X-Ray Fluorescence with A 3 Mv Van De Graaff

1972 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 102-110
Author(s):  
C. J. Umbarger ◽  
R. C. Bearse ◽  
D. A. Close ◽  
J. J. Malanify
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Production Cross ◽  
The United States ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Biomedical Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Detector Geometry ◽  
Van De Graaff ◽  
Beam Parameters

AbstractProtons from a 3 MV Van de Graaff have been used to produce characteristic x-rays from 21 elements spanning the periodic table. Absolute Kα and Lα x-ray production cross sections have been determined, allowing one to calculate sensitivities for any given sample, detector geometry, and proton beam parameters. Elemental detectability limits are discussed assuming various backings (e.g., mylar, kapton, etc.) and matrix materials. The large number of available small proton accelerators throughout the United States promises wide applicability of this technique to environmental and biomedical analysis.

Measurement of L X-ray production cross sections and relative intensities of some lanthanide compounds depending on the temperature

2020 ◽  
Vol 108 (5) ◽  
pp. 415-423
Author(s):  
Esra Cinan ◽  
Bünyamin Aygün ◽  
M. I. Sayyed ◽  
Yüksel Özdemir
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Full Width Half Maximum ◽  
Production Cross ◽  
Emission Spectra ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Intensity Ratios ◽  
Annular Source

AbstractL X-ray intensity ratios for CeO2, Sm2(SO4)3, Ho2O3, and Yb2O3 compounds were experimentally investigated. The measurements were gauged following excitation by 59.54 keV γ-rays from a 100 mCi 241Am radioactive annular source at different temperatures in situ. Temperature change occurred between 50 °C and 400 °C. L X-ray emission spectra were obtained by using a solid-state Si(Li) X-ray detector. L X-ray production cross sections, intensity ratios, and full-width half maximum (FWHM) values for the compounds were determined by evaluating the emission spectra varying with the temperature. According to the results obtained, it was observed that Lβ1 X-rays were less influenced in comparison with Lα X-rays while Lα X-rays were also less influenced in comparison with Lβ2 X-rays.

Photon-Induced L-Shell X-Ray Production Cross Sections for Lanthanides at 59.54 keV

2017 ◽  
Vol 890 ◽  
pp. 223-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rıdvan Durak ◽  
Ferdi Akman ◽  
Abdulhalik Karabulut
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Production Cross ◽  
Theoretical Data ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Reflection Geometry ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Annular Source

The Ll, Lα and Lβ X-ray production cross sections for Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd and Tb elements were determined using a reflection geometry. The excitation was performed with a 241Am radioactive annular source and the L X-rays emitted from targets were counted with a high-resolution Si (Li) detector. The experimental values were compared with other available experimental results and theoretical data. An agreement is observed between the measured and other experimental results or theoretical data.

OBSERVATION OF INTERFERENCE BETWEEN ATOMIC BREMSSTRAHLUNG AND NUCLEAR BREMSSTRAHLUNG

1999 ◽  
Vol 09 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. ISHII ◽  
T. SATOH ◽  
S. MATSUYAMA ◽  
H. YAMAZAKI ◽  
Y. TOKAI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Energy Region ◽  
Production Cross ◽  
Angular Distributions ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Beam Direction ◽  
Aluminum Target ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mev Protons

An aluminum target was bombarded with 1.5 MeV protons and continuous x-rays were measured at the angles of 45°, 90° and 135° with respect to the beam direction. By investigating the shape of the x-ray energy spectrum, it was recognized that, the continuous x-rays below 12 keV are atomic bremsstrahlung (AB) and those of above 12 keV are nuclear bremsstrahlung (NB), and AB and NB are mingled in the energy region of around 12 keV The x-ray energy dependence of angular distributions presented well a change from the process of AB to that of NB in the continuous x-ray spectrum. Interference between AB and NB were discussed on the basis of PWBA theory. Continuous x-ray production cross sections were calculated on the basis of PWBA BEA and a semi-classical theory and compared with the experimental results. The theoretical prediction reproduced well the experimental cross sections over the wide range of 6 orders in magnitude and of 2 keV – 35 keV in the energy except for the energy region mingled with AB and NB. The ratio of the theoretical cross sections to the experimental ones showed an interference effect between AB and NB in their mingled region.

M-SHELL X-RAY TRANSITION RATES FOR HEAVY RARE EARTH ELEMENTS

1998 ◽  
Vol 08 (04) ◽  
pp. 235-251
Author(s):  
K. SERA ◽  
K. ISHII ◽  
H. ORIHARA
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Production Cross ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Transition Rates ◽  
Heavy Rare Earth ◽  
Crystal Spectrometer ◽  
Pixe Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Heavy Lanthanides ◽  
Heavy Rare Earth Elements

Partial M-x-ray production cross sections, which have not been well investigated up to the present, were measured in detail for six heavy lanthanides; Dy , Ho , Er , Tm , Yb and Lu . As a result, it is found that intensities of Mα,β lines, which are dominant among all the M-x-rays, and (M1-N2, M1-N3, M2-N4) lines agree well with those predicted by theory. However, clear discrepancy is found for Mζ and Mγ x-rays. Although it was pointed out by a PIXE analysis with a high-resolution crystal spectrometer that special attention must be paid for an analysis of Mζ and Mγ lines, it is found from the present work that it is possible to perform quantitative analysis using Mα,β lines.

scholarly journals Treating Cancer With X-ray Radiation Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristopher A. Lyons ◽  
Theodore H. Arsenault ◽  
Zi Ouyang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
The United States ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Receive Radiation Therapy ◽  
X Ray

Radiation therapy is an important cancer treatment. At least half of the cancer patients in the United States receive radiation therapy every year. X-rays are often used in radiation therapy. How are X-rays produced? How do we use X-rays to treat cancer? This article answers these questions and explains the physics behind radiation therapy.

X-Ray Production Cross Sections for Ti, Co, Ge, Rb and Sn by 16 - 44 Mev Oxygen Ion Bombardment

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 445-456
Author(s):  
R. F. Chaturvedi ◽  
J. L. Duggan ◽  
T. J. Gray ◽  
C. C. Sachtleben ◽  
J. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Production Cross ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Oxygen Ions ◽  
Oxygen Ion ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Ionization Cross Sections ◽  
Binary Encounter Approximation ◽  
Shell Ionization

AbstractAbsolute K-shell ionization cross sections were measured for Ti, Co, Ge, Rb, and Sn for incident oxygen ions from 16-44 MeV. The x-rays were measured with a high resolution Si(Li) detector (166 eV at 5.9 keV). All of the data represents cross section measurements for thin targets. The measured cross sections for these elements are compared to the theoretical predictions of the Binary Encounter Approximation (BEA). Kα/Kβratios and energy shifts were also extracted from the data. The experimental data are compared to measured cross sections for other elements to give an overview of the systematics for oxygen ion induced x-ray production cross sections in this energy range. Some comment will also be given in regard to the use of oxygen ions to measure the parameters associated with ion implanted semiconductors.

CONTINUOUS X-RAY PRODUCTION CROSS-SECTION IN THIN POLYMER FILMS

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
P. BALOURIA ◽  
I. M. GOVIL ◽  
B. P. MOHANTY ◽  
M. L. GARG ◽  
K. ISHII
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Polymer Films ◽  
Production Cross ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Thin Polymer Films ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Standard Data ◽  
Electron Bremsstrahlung ◽  
Thin Polymer

We have calculated the production cross-sections of continuous X-rays for commonly used thin polymer films on the basis of the theories of quasi-free electron bremsstrahlung (QFEB), secondary electron bremsstrahlung (SEB), atomic bremsstrahlung (AB) and nuclear bremsstrahlung (NB). These results are compared with that of experimental one. We found that SEB is the main contributing factor and the contribution of QFEB, AB and NB is negligible. This work would facilitate choice among available polymer materials and lay down well-defined standard data against which new candidates might be judged.

Taking the Leap From PICC Placement to Tip Placement

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Royer ◽  
Ann Earhart
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Vascular Access ◽  
The United States ◽  
Scope Of Practice ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Primary Physician ◽  
Picc Line ◽  
Central Catheters

Abstract Nurses who place peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) obtain x-rays after placement to determine tip placement. Radiologists read and interpret the x-ray to verify tip placement. It is then the primary physician or the radiologist who releases the PICC line for use. Until 2002, there were few institutions across the United States that empowered the vascular access nurse to take on this responsibility. This article discusses how to advance practice at the state-board-of-nursing level and discusses strategies to implement the change in scope of practice.

X-RAY PRODUCTION, INNER SHELL IONIZATION AND READING’S THEOREM IN ION · ATOM COLLISIONS

1992 ◽  
Vol 02 (03) ◽  
pp. 197-209
Author(s):  
KEIZO ISHII
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Production Cross ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Ionization Cross ◽  
Heavy Charged Particles ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Inner Shell Ionization ◽  
Ionization Cross Sections ◽  
Shell Ionization

When a solid or gaseous target is bombarded with heavy charged particles, inner shell electrons of target atoms are ionized and characteristic x rays are produced. We can easily observe these x rays with a Si(Li) detector and derive inner-shell ionization cross section from the x-ray production cross sections. In this paper, we make a review of x-ray production, inner shell ionization and Reading’s theorem in light ion·atom collisions. This theorem is one of the most important ones in the ion·atom collision physics and permits precise discussion on comparison between experimental inner-shell ionization cross sections obtained with a Si(Li) detector and the calculations based on usual theories where the incident particle is assumed to interact with only one electron in an atom and the presence of other electrons is ignored.

scholarly journals How do Uncertainties in Atomic Parameters Influence Theoretical Predictions of X-Ray Production Cross Sections By Proton Impact?

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
J Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Production Cross ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Proton Impact ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Ionization Cross Sections ◽  
Atomic Parameters

The emission of characteristic X-rays induced by proton impact is a phenomenon known since the first half of the 20th century. Its more widely known application is the analytical technique Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE). Several models have been developed to calculate, first, ionization cross sections and then the subsequent X-ray production cross sections. However, to carry out the comparisons of these predictions with experimental data it is necessary to use atomic parameters databases (fluorescence yields, Coster-Kronig transition probabilities, emission rates) that also have experimental uncertainties. In this work it is demonstrated how these values do not allow to decide which model describes more accurately the cross sections, due to a final “theoretical uncertainty” obtained through the propagation of the original uncertainties.

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