Impact of the Personal Computer on X-Ray Analysis Historical Perspective 1960-1990

Advances in X-ray Analysis ◽

10.1154/s0376030800015445 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 37 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Ron Jenkins

Keyword(s):

Time Sequence ◽

Numerical Control ◽

Computer Hardware ◽

Time Sharing ◽

Sale Price ◽

Total Cost ◽

X Ray ◽

Modern Times ◽

Time Sharing System ◽

Main Frame

In these modern times, where the use of the computer in the analytical laboratory is taken for granted, it is perhaps difficult to realize that, less than one generation ago, computers were little more than an idea on an engineer's desk. It is interesting to note the sequence in which the automation of data collection and data processing developed. As would be expected, the time sequence followed closely the developments in computer hardware and peripherals. An important factor in the development of most commercial automated systems was the “20%” rule. This rule required that the total cost of any computer package should not exceed 20% of the sale price of the final automated product. Rex's “Numerical Control Powder Diffractometer” was described in the 1966 Denver Conference and this machine was to be the forerunner of a whole host of automated diffractometers which appeared in the early 1970s. Typical systems used either a 4K minicomputer or a time-sharing system with a large main-frame computer. It is interesting to observe that, as we come into the 1990s, the argument as to whether the main-frame will survive as a viable alternative to the rapidly developing PC still goes on.

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PENGENALAN HARDWARE KOMPUTER

10.31219/osf.io/47vky ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Adel Syah Pohan

Keyword(s):

Computer Hardware ◽

Time Sharing ◽

Time Sharing System

Sejarah jaringan komputer bermula dari lahirnya konsep jaringan komputer pada tahun 1940-an di Amerika yang digagas oleh sebuah proyek pengembangan komputer MODEL I di laboratorium Bell dan group riset Universitas Harvard yang dipimpin profesor Howard Aiken. Kemudian pada tahun 1950-an ketika jenis komputer mulai berkembang sampai terciptanya super komputer, maka sebuah komputer harus melayani beberapa tempat yang tersedia (terminal), untuk itu ditemukan konsep distribusi proses berdasarkan waktu yang dikenal dengan nama TSS (Time Sharing System). Maka untuk pertama kalinya bentuk jaringan (network) komputer diaplikasikan. Hardware adalah perangkat keras computer yang nampak secara fisik dan dapat di raba. Berdasarkan sifat dan kegunaannya perangkat keras computer (hardware computer) dapat dikelompokan menjadi 4 bagian : Perangkat input, Perangkat keluaran, Perangkat proses, Perangkat penyimpanan. Perangkat keras komputer adalah semua bagian fisikkomputer, dibedakan dengan data yang berada di dalamnya atau yang beroperasi di dalamny sedangkan perangkat lunak merupakan perangkat yang dapat dilihat namun tidak dapat disentuh secara langsung oleh manusia, perangkat lunak yang menyediakan instruksi buat perangkat keras untuk menyelesaikantugasnya.

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Automated X-Ray Diffraction Laboratory System

Advances in X-ray Analysis ◽

10.1154/s0376030800010843 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

pp. 114-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Annin Segmüller

Keyword(s):

Computer System ◽

Pole Figure ◽

Laboratory System ◽

Time Sharing ◽

Data Logging ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Complete Control ◽

X Ray ◽

Time Sharing System ◽

Structure Research

An IBM 1800 time-sharing system is used in our X-ray laboratory to control a four-circle diffractometer for structure research, several powder diffractometers, a pole-figure goniometer and a microdensitometer along with other instruments outside the diffraction area. A survey of the computer system is given and the hardware necessary to automate the diffractometers is discussed. The computer supervision ranges from simple data-logging with a minimum of control to complete control of all actions depending on the diffractometer and the requirements of the experiment. Also described is the use of the computer to process the data and to perform background jobs.

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Computer-Controlled X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction Experiments

Advances in X-ray Analysis ◽

10.1154/s0376030800010818 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

pp. 70-89

Author(s):

Melvin H. Mueller

Keyword(s):

High Speed ◽

Storage Capacity ◽

Time Sharing ◽

Large Computer ◽

X Ray ◽

Magnetic Structures ◽

On Line ◽

Electronic Computers ◽

Computer Controlled ◽

Time Sharing System

The use of on-line computers for control and acquisition of data from x-ray and neutron diffractometers has continuously improved and expanded. Systems vary from a small 4K core computer to a time-sharing system with a medium or large computer. The choice of a single time-shared computer or an individual standalone system must be based on one's own particular environment. As large high-speed electronic computers became available, increasingly complex chemical and magnetic structures have been analysed and solved; this has created a demand for rapid, reliable, and versatile means of obtaining diffraction data. Since small computers have been developed at reduced cost and with increased storage capacity, they must be considered for use in diffraction experimentation. Therefore, in x-ray and neutron scattering, small computers are needed for data acquisition and large computers are needed for data analysis.

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An Interactive Program for the X-ray Specrometer , for Data Collection and Data Manipulation - Use in Qualitative Analysis

Advances in X-ray Analysis ◽

10.1154/s037603080001212x ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 20 ◽

pp. 507-513

Author(s):

R. Jenkins ◽

Q. Myers ◽

F. R. Paolini

Keyword(s):

Computer Hardware ◽

Total Cost ◽

Data Manipulation ◽

X Ray ◽

The Past ◽

System A ◽

Good Figure ◽

Computer Controlled ◽

Analytical System ◽

The Cost

Computer controlled X-ray spectrometers have been available since the mid 1950's and there are many hundreds of these systems in use today. The degree of sophistication of these machines has increased gradually over the past several years, but in all cases the flexibility of the analytical system is directly relatable to the available computer hardware. In the design of any computer controlled X-ray spectrometer, it is highly desirable to keep the cost of the computer, plus its associated interfaces and software, to within a reasonable fraction of the total cost of the whole system. A figure of perhaps 30% or so is a good figure to aim for in this context. A compromise must, therefore, always be sought between cost and computational power--which generally means flexibility.

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On-Site Determination of Ash in Coal Utilizing a Portable XRF Analyzer

Advances in X-ray Analysis ◽

10.1154/s0376030800006121 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 23 ◽

pp. 57-63

Author(s):

F. V. Brown ◽

S. A. Jones

Keyword(s):

Power Supplies ◽

Time Sharing ◽

Portable Xrf ◽

X Ray ◽

Statistical Library ◽

Time Sharing System ◽

Fluorescence Analyzer

The x-ray system used was a Columbia Scientific Industries Corporation Portable X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer Minilab 700 with a ten millicurie curium 244 source. This source was chosen instead of the available 30mCi Pu-238 or the 30mCi Cm-244 source because it could be supplied under a general radioactivity materials license. The XRF analyzer could be powered by a variety of power supplies, either AC or DC. All data were evaluated and best curves were selected utilizing the Honeywell Time Sharing System. Programs from the statistical library were used with minor modifications.

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