scholarly journals Dimorphic Fungal Coinfection as a Cause of Chronic Diarrhea and Pancolitis

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduar A. Bravo ◽  
Arturo J. Zegarra ◽  
Alejandro Piscoya ◽  
José L. Pinto ◽  
Raúl E. de los Rios ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Chronic Diarrhea ◽  
Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Systemic Mycosis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Involvement ◽  
Dimorphic Fungi ◽  
Tropical South America

Histoplasma capsulatumandParacoccidioides brasiliensisare dimorphic fungi that cause systemic mycosis mostly in tropical South America and some areas of North America. Gastrointestinal involvement is not uncommon among these fungal diseases, but coinfection has not previously been reported. We report a patient with chronic diarrhea and pancolitis caused by paracoccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis.

scholarly journals Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of a Human Fungal Pathogen Reveals Synteny among Geographically Distinct Species

mBio ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Voorhies ◽  
Shirli Cohen ◽  
Terrance P. Shea ◽  
Semar Petrus ◽  
José F. Muñoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Genome Assembly ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Significant Morbidity ◽  
Dimorphic Fungi ◽  
Human Fungal Pathogen ◽  
America South ◽  
Chromosome Level

Histoplasma species are dimorphic fungi causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. These fungi grow as mold in the soil and as budding yeast within the human host. Histoplasma can be isolated from soil in diverse regions, including North America, South America, Africa, and Europe.

Endemic dimorphic fungi

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Restrepo ◽  
Angel A. Gónzalez ◽  
Beatriz L. Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Coccidioides Immitis ◽  
Dimorphic Fungi ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Biosafety Level

Endemic dimorphic infections are acquired by inhalation of fungal spores which undergo a thermal transition to a yeast-like phase in the host. The causative organisms are geographically restricted and are isolated from the environment; likewise, the infections are associated with people living in, or visiting, these endemic regions. The clinical presentations range from asymptomatic to chronic, and disseminated, depending on the host immune status and other risk factors. The infections and their causative agents are: histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum), paracoccidioidomycosis (Paracoccidioides brasiliensis/lutzii), blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatitidis/gilchristii), coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides immitis/posadasii), talaromycosis (previously penicilliosis; Talaromyces [Penicillium] marneffei), and emmonsiosis (Emmonsia species). Diagnosis relies on microscopy and culture, histology, and immunological detection. Owing to their infectious nature, all of these organisms must be handled using biosafety level-3 containment. Treatment is based around azole administration, usually itraconazole, with amphotericin B for the more severe forms or for the most at risk patients.

scholarly journals Simulation and Dynamical Prediction of the Summer Asian–Pacific Oscillation and Associated Climate Anomalies by the NCEP CFSv2

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3644-3656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junming Chen ◽  
Ping Zhao ◽  
Song Yang ◽  
Ge Liu ◽  
Xiuji Zhou
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
South Asian ◽  
North Africa ◽  
South Asian High ◽  
Tropospheric Temperature ◽  
Climate Anomalies ◽  
The North ◽  
Asian Pacific ◽  
Tropical South America

Abstract The Asian–Pacific Oscillation (APO) is a dominant teleconnection pattern linking the climate anomalies over Asia, the North Pacific, and other regions including North America. The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2) successfully simulates many summer-mean features of the upper-tropospheric temperature, the South Asian high, the westerly and easterly jet streams, and the regional monsoons over Asia and Africa. It also well simulates the interannual variability of the APO and associated anomalies in atmospheric circulation, precipitation, surface air temperature (SAT), and sea surface temperature (SST). Associated with a positive APO are a strengthened South Asian high; a weakened extratropical upper-tropospheric westerly jet stream over North America; strengthened subtropical anticyclones over the Northern Hemisphere oceans; and strengthened monsoons over North Africa, India, and East Asia. Meanwhile, increased precipitation is found over tropical North Africa, South Asia, northern China, and tropical South America; decreased precipitation is seen over subtropical North Africa, the Middle East, central Asia, southern China, Japan, and extratropical North America. Low SAT occurs in North Africa, India, and tropical South America and high SAT appears in extratropical Eurasia and North America. SST increases in the extratropical Pacific and the North Atlantic but decreases in the tropical Pacific. The summer APO and many of the associated climate anomalies can be predicted by the NCEP CFSv2 by up to 5 months in advance. However, the CFSv2 skill of predicting the SAT in the East Asian monsoon region is low.

scholarly journals A scanning strategy optimized for signal-to-noise ratio for the Geostationary Carbon Cycle Observatory (GeoCarb) instrument

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 3317-3334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Nivitanont ◽  
Sean M. R. Crowell ◽  
Berrien Moore III
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Scanning Strategy ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Tropical South America

Abstract. The Geostationary Carbon Cycle Observatory (GeoCarb) will make measurements of greenhouse gases over the contiguous North and South American landmasses at daily temporal resolution. The extreme flexibility of observing from geostationary orbit induces an optimization problem, as operators must choose what to observe and when. The proposed scanning strategy for the GeoCarb mission tracks the sun's path from east to west and covers the entire area of interest in five coherent regions in the order of tropical South America east, tropical South America west, temperate South America, tropical North America, and temperate North America. We express this problem in terms of a geometric set cover problem, and use an incremental optimization (IO) algorithm to create a scanning strategy that minimizes expected error as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The IO algorithm used in this studied is a modified greedy algorithm that selects, incrementally at 5 min intervals, the scanning areas with the highest predicted SNR with respect to air mass factor (AF) and solar zenith angle (SZA) while also considering operational constraints to minimize overlapping scans and observations over water. As a proof of concept, two experiments are performed applying the IO algorithm offline to create an SNR-optimized strategy and compare it to the proposed strategy. The first experiment considers all landmasses with equal importance and the second experiment illustrates a temporary campaign mode that gives major urban areas greater importance weighting. Using a simple instrument model, we found that there is a significant performance increase with respect to overall predicted error when comparing the algorithm-selected scanning strategies to the proposed scanning strategy.

Sleight of Hand: Brazilian and American Authors Manipulate the Brazilian Racial Situation, 1910–1951

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie B. Rout
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
West Indies ◽  
New World ◽  
Present Condition ◽  
The West ◽  
Theodore Roosevelt ◽  
To Come ◽  
American Authors ◽  
Tropical South America

In June, 1908, Sir Harry Johnston, explorer, historian, diplomat and African colonial administrator, wrote to Theodore Roosevelt expressing a desire to come to the New World. In Johnston’s own words,What I want to learn is the present condition and possible prospects of the Negro in North America, the West Indies and tropical South America.This English Lord had written extensively about blacks in Africa, and while his knowledge of racial and historical conditions in the two Americas was hardly profound, his reputation opened doors that might otherwise have been hermetically sealed. Roosevelt’s reply was recognition of this fact:

Paracoccidioidomycosis

2010 ◽  
pp. 1023-1028
Author(s):  
M.A. Shikanai-Yasuda
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis ◽  
Systemic Mycosis ◽  
Dimorphic Fungus

Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis caused by dimorphic fungus of the complex Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, which is found in soil and in a variety of animals, and transmitted to humans by inhalation. It is restricted geographically to Central and South America, where it is the commonest endemic chronic human mycosis, acquired in rural and periurban areas, equally distributed among prepubescent boys and girls, but more frequent in men than women (10:1)....

ON THE CELL WALLS OF DIMORPHIC FUNGI CAUSING SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS

1954 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Blank
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis ◽  
Blastomyces Dermatitidis ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Dimorphic Fungi ◽  
Polymeric Substance ◽  
Systemic Infections ◽  
Microscopic Investigations

Cultures of the mycelial and tissue-like growth phases of Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Sporotrichum Schenckii were extracted and oxidized as described by Scholl in 1908. Debye–Scherrer diagrams of the so prepared cell walls show the presence of chitin in both growth phases of each fungus investigated, and give no evidence of the presence of cellulose or another high polymeric substance in the membranes. Nitrogen determinations of the same material corroborate these findings. Electron-microscopic investigations of the isolated chitin of Blastomyces dermatitidis did not reveal any substantial difference in the submicroscopic structures of the framework of the mycelial and yeast-like growth phases.

Effects of insecticides on adults and eggs of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Cristine Hoffmann Schlesener ◽  
Jutiane Wollmann ◽  
Juliano De Bastos Pazini ◽  
Anderson Dionei Grützmacher ◽  
Flávio Roberto Mello Garcia
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Ovicidal Effect ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
South Of Brazil ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
First Time

Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae) is an exotic species, endemic to Asia and currently a pest to small and stone fruits in several countries of North America and Europe. It was detected in 2013 for the first time in South America, in the south of Brazil. Unlike most drosophilids, this species deserves special attention, because the females are capable of oviposit inside healthy fruits, rendering their sale and export prohibited. Despite the confirmed existence of this species in different states of Brazil, this insect is yet been to be given the pest status. Nevertheless, the mere presence of this species is enough to cause concern to producers of small fruits and to justify further investigation for it’s control, especially chemical control for a possible change in status. Therefore, the goal of this work was to evaluate, in laboratory, mortality of D. suzukii adults and ovicidal effect when exposed to different insecticides registered for species of the Tephritidae and Agromyzidae families in different cultures. The insecticides deltamethrin, dimethoate, spinosad, fenitrothion, phosmet, malathion, methidathion, and zeta-cypermethrin resulted in mortality to 100 % of the subjects three days after the treatment (DAT). Regarding the effects over eggs, it was  established that the insecticides fenitrothion, malathion, and methidathion deemed 100 % of the eggs not viable, followed by phosmet and diflubenzuron, which also caused elevated reduction in the eclosion of larvae two DAT.

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