scholarly journals Feasibility Study and Demonstration of an Aluminum and Ice Solid Propellant

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothee L. Pourpoint ◽  
Tyler D. Wood ◽  
Mark A. Pfeil ◽  
John Tsohas ◽  
Steven F. Son
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Sounding Rocket ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Solid Propellants ◽  
Aluminum Particles ◽  
Underwater Propulsion ◽  
Binary Formulation

Aluminum-water reactions have been proposed and studied for several decades for underwater propulsion systems and applications requiring hydrogen generation. Aluminum and water have also been proposed as a frozen propellant, and there have been proposals for other refrigerated propellants that could be mixed, frozen in situ, and used as solid propellants. However, little work has been done to determine the feasibility of these concepts. With the recent availability of nanoscale aluminum, a simple binary formulation with water is now feasible. Nanosized aluminum has a lower ignition temperature than micron-sized aluminum particles, partly due to its high surface area, and burning times are much faster than micron aluminum. Frozen nanoscale aluminum and water mixtures are stable, as well as insensitive to electrostatic discharge, impact, and shock. Here we report a study of the feasibility of an nAl-ice propellant in small-scale rocket experiments. The focus here is not to develop an optimized propellant; however improved formulations are possible. Several static motor experiments have been conducted, including using a flight-weight casing. The flight weight casing was used in the first sounding rocket test of an aluminum-ice propellant, establishing a proof of concept for simple propellant mixtures making use of nanoscale particles.

scholarly journals Rugae-like FeP nanocrystal assembly on a carbon cloth: an exceptionally efficient and stable cathode for hydrogen evolution

Nanoscale ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (25) ◽  
pp. 10974-10981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiulin Yang ◽  
Ang-Yu Lu ◽  
Yihan Zhu ◽  
Shixiong Min ◽  
Mohamed Nejib Hedhili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Hydrogen Evolution ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Catalytic Efficiency ◽  
Carbon Cloth ◽  
Nanocrystal Assembly

High surface area FeP nanosheets on a carbon cloth were prepared by gas phase phosphidation of electroplated FeOOH, which exhibit exceptionally high catalytic efficiency and stability for hydrogen generation.

In-situ Mössbauer effect spectroscopy of adsorbed species on high surface area electrodes

1982 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Scherson ◽  
S.B. Yao ◽  
E.B. Yeager ◽  
J. Eldridge ◽  
M.E. Kordesch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Mössbauer Effect ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Mossbauer Effect ◽  
Adsorbed Species ◽  
Mössbauer Effect Spectroscopy

Influence of nanoparticles on the polymer-conditioned dewatering of wastewater sludges

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 2117-2123
Author(s):  
N. J. Boyle ◽  
G. M. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Wastewater Sludge ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Sludge Dewatering ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
The Impact

The effect of using small-scale, high surface area, nanoparticles to supplement polymer-conditioned wastewater sludge dewatering was investigated. Aerobically digested sludge and waste activated sludge sourced from the Hunter Valley, NSW, Australia, were tested with titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The sludge samples were dosed with the nanoparticles in an attempt to adsorb a component of the charged biopolymer surfactants present naturally in sludge. The sludge was conditioned with a cationic polymer. The dewatering characteristics were assessed by measuring the specific resistance to filtration through a modified time-to-filter testing apparatus. The solids content of the dosed samples was determined by a mass balance and compared to the original solids content in the activated sludge. Test results indicated that nanoparticle addition modified the structure of the sludge and provided benefits in terms of the dewatering rate. The samples dosed with nanoparticles exhibited faster water removal, indicating a more permeable filter cake and hence more permeable sludge. A concentration of 2–4% nanoparticles was required to achieve a noticeable benefit. As a comparison, the sludge samples were also tested with a larger particle size, powdered activated carbon (PAC). It was found that the PAC did provide some minor benefits to sludge dewatering but was outperformed by the nanoparticles. The solids content of the final sludge was increased by a maximum of up to 0.6%. The impact of the order sequence of particles and polymer was also investigated. It was found that nanoparticles added before polymer addition provided the best dewatering performance. This outcome was consistent with current theories and previous research through the literature. An economic analysis was undertaken to confirm the viability of the technology for implementation at a full-scale plant. It was found that, currently, this technology is unlikely to be favourable unless the nanoparticles can be sourced for a low cost.

scholarly journals The synthesis of a BiOClxBr1−x nanostructure photocatalyst with high surface area for the enhanced visible-light photocatalytic reduction of Cr(vi)

RSC Advances ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 4763-4771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Bilal Hussain ◽  
Malik Saddam Khan ◽  
Herman Maloko Loussala ◽  
Muhammad Sohail Bashir
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Photocatalytic Reduction ◽  
Synthetic Process ◽  
Visible Light Photocatalytic

Cr(vi) reduction is performed by BiOCl0.8Br0.2 composite produced via a facile in situ synthetic process at room temperature while making use of PVP (Mw = 10 000).

In situ carbonization of a soft-template to directly synthesize crystalline mesoporous metal oxides with high surface areas

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 5846-5855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Limin Guo ◽  
Shintaro Ida ◽  
Takashi Daio ◽  
Hidehisa Hagiwara ◽  
Tatsumi Ishihara
Keyword(s):  
High Surface ◽  
Tantalum Oxide ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Soft Template ◽  
Block Polymer ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Mesoporous Metal Oxides ◽  
Mesoporous Metal ◽  
In Situ Carbonization

High-surface-area crystalline mesoporous tantalum oxide has been successfully synthesized using a pluronic tri-block polymer as the template.

scholarly journals Simultaneous in situ measurements of small-scale structures in neutral, plasma, and atomic oxygen densities during WADIS sounding rocket project

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Strelnikov ◽  
Martin Eberhart ◽  
Martin Friedrich ◽  
Jonas Hedin ◽  
Mikhail Khaplanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Waves ◽  
Atomic Oxygen ◽  
Density Fluctuations ◽  
Sounding Rocket ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Structures ◽  
Small Scale Structures ◽  
Mlt Region ◽  
Diffusion Properties

Abstract. In this paper we present an overview of measurements conducted during the WADIS-2 rocket campaign. We investigate the effect of small-scale processes like gravity waves and turbulence on the distribution of atomic oxygen and other species in the MLT region. Our analysis suggests that density fluctuations of atomic oxygen are coupled to fluctuations of other constituents, i.e., plasma and neutrals. Our measurements show that all measured quantities, including winds, densities, and temperatures, reveal signatures of both waves and turbulence. We show observations of gravity wave saturation and breakdown together with simultaneous measurements of generated turbulence. Atomic oxygen inside turbulence layers shows two different spectral behaviors, which might imply change of its diffusion properties.

Novel Base Catalysts by Nitridation of Zeolite Y: Characterization and Catalytic Evaluation

2010 ◽  
Vol 148-149 ◽  
pp. 1096-1099
Author(s):  
Gong Ming Peng ◽  
De Lian Yi ◽  
Lin Wu ◽  
Zhao Hui Ou Yang ◽  
Jian Guo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Zeolite Y ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Diethyl Malonate ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
In Situ Drifts ◽  
Base Catalysts ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance Infrared

Novel base catalysts were obtained by subjecting Y zeolites to nitridation. These materials were characterized by elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, BET surface area analysis, In situ diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform Spectroscopy (in situ DRIFTS), Pyrrole adsorption. The results indicated nitrogen-incorporated NaY zeolite was well ordered and possess high surface area and pore volume. In situ DRIFTS experiments confirmed that N atoms had been introduced into the framework by nitridation to form -NH2- or -NH- species. It was found that Lewis basicity of these oxynitride materials increased by the pyrrole adsorption. Furthmore, the basic catalytic properties of nitrogen-incorporated zeolites were evaluated by Knoevenagal condensation of benzaldehyde with diethyl malonate and enhanced yield of product was achieved.

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