scholarly journals Immune Responses Associated with Resistance to Haemonchosis in Sheep

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Alba-Hurtado ◽  
Marco Antonio Muñoz-Guzmán
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Specific Ige ◽  
Genetic Trait ◽  
Fecal Egg Count ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Type Response

This paper examines the known immunological and genetic factors associated with sheep resistance to infection byHaemonchus contortus. Such resistance is an inheritable genetic trait (h2, 0.22–0.63) associated with certain sheep breeds. Resistant sheep do not completely reject the disease; they only harbor fewer parasites than susceptible sheep and therefore have a lower fecal egg count. Protective immune response to haemonchosis is an expression of genetic resistance. Genes associated with resistance and susceptibility are described. Genetically resistant sheep have nonspecific mechanisms that block the initial colonization byHaemonchus contortuslarvae. These sheep also have an efficacious Th2 type response (e.g., increases in blood and tissue eosinophils, specific IgE class antibodies, mast cells, IL-5, IL-13, and TNFα) that protects them against the infection; in contrast, susceptible sheep do not efficiently establish this type of immune response. Finally, the main reported antigens ofH. contortuswere reviewed.

scholarly journals Immune response in mice immunized with acidic antigenic fractions from Trypanosoma cruzi cytosol

1992 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 389-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Gea ◽  
Adriana Gruppi ◽  
Fabio Cerban ◽  
Maria C. Pistoresi Palencia ◽  
Elsa Vottero-Cima
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Specific Ige ◽  
Partial Protection ◽  
Histological Studies ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Cellular Immune

The humoral and cellular immune responses as well as the resistance to infection with bloodstream forms of T. cruzi were studied in mice immunized with acidic antigenic fractions from parasite cytosol, F III and F IV, plus Bordetella pertussis as adjuvant. The immunization with F III induced positive ITH and DTH responses to homologous antigens. In mice immunized with F IV, the ITH was negative and four out of six animals presented positive DTH reactions. In both groups of mice the analysis of IgG aginst T. cruzi showed that the major isotype elicited was IgG1. Specific IgE was also detected in sera from F III immunized mice, thus confirming the presence of homocytothropic antibodies. The parasitemias reached by F III and F IV immunized mice after challenge were lower than those of the controls showing in this way a partial protection against the acute infection. The histological studies of heart and skeletal muscle performed two months after the infection revealed variable mononuclear infiltration in all infected mice despite immunization.

Immune responses of Texel sheep to excretory/secretory products of adult Haemonchus contortus

Parasitology ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. F. H. Schallig ◽  
M. A. W. van Leeuwen ◽  
W. M. L. Hendrikx
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Lymphocyte Proliferation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Proliferation Index ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Immunoblotting Analysis ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Secretory Products

SUMMARYThe excretory/secretory (E/S) products of adult Haemonchus contortus comprise of at least 15 polypeptides with molecular weights ranging from 10 to > 100 kDa. These E/S products induce an immune response in infected Texel sheep, as demonstrated by specific IgGI levels and a significant lymphocyte proliferation index. Moreover, immunoblotting analysis revealed that sera of primary H. contortus-infected sheep specifically recognize a 24 kDa E/S product. In addition, sera of challenged sheep react strongly with a 15 kDa E/S product. The other E/S products of H. contortus showed immunoreactivity with serum samples of Haemonchus-infected sheep as well as with samples of sheep harbouring other trichostrongylid infections. These cross-reacting epitopes are the main cause of the lack of specificity of an E/S material- based ELISA. This ELISA can differentiate Haemonchus infections from Nematodirus battus infections, but not from Ostertagia circumcincta or Trichostrongylus colubriformis infections.

scholarly journals Helminth Parasites Alter Protection againstPlasmodiumInfection

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Víctor H. Salazar-Castañon ◽  
Martha Legorreta-Herrera ◽  
Miriam Rodriguez-Sosa
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Parasite Density ◽  
Parasitic Disease ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Helminthic Infections ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Type Response

More than one-third of the world’s population is infected with one or more helminthic parasites. Helminth infections are prevalent throughout tropical and subtropical regions where malaria pathogens are transmitted. Malaria is the most widespread and deadliest parasitic disease. The severity of the disease is strongly related to parasite density and the host’s immune responses. Furthermore, coinfections between both parasites occur frequently. However, little is known regarding how concomitant infection with helminths andPlasmodiumaffects the host’s immune response. Helminthic infections are frequently massive, chronic, and strong inductors of a Th2-type response. This implies that infection by such parasites could alter the host’s susceptibility to subsequent infections byPlasmodium. There are a number of reports on the interactions between helminths andPlasmodium; in some, the burden ofPlasmodiumparasites increased, but others reported a reduction in the parasite. This review focuses on explaining many of these discrepancies regarding helminth-Plasmodiumcoinfections in terms of the effects that helminths have on the immune system. In particular, it focuses on helminth-induced immunosuppression and the effects of cytokines controlling polarization toward the Th1 or Th2 arms of the immune response.

Genetic resistance to helminths. The influence of breed and haemoglobin type on the response of sheep to primary infections withHaemonchus contortus

Parasitology ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. I. Altaif ◽  
J. D. Dargie
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Haemoglobin Type ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Pathogenic Effects

SummaryThe possible existence of strain and breed differences in the response of sheep to primary infections withHaemonchus contortuswas examined by comparing the establishment and pathogenic effects of the parasite in Scottish Blackface and Finn Dorset sheep grouped according to haemoglobin type and infected with 7–10000 3rd-stage larvae. Homozygous haemoglobin A-type sheep of both breeds had lower worm burdens and faecal egg outputs, and suffered less severe clinical and pathophysiological disturbances than animals homozygous for haemoglobin B. In addition, Scottish Blackface sheep displayed similar advantages over Finn Dorsets with the same haemoglobin type and variations in the severity of the disease as judged by a variety of pathophysiological indices correlated closely with parasite numbers. It was therefore concluded that genetic resistance operated primarily against worm establishment and that, barring the unlikely involvement of non-specific physiological factors, this was controlled by the immune response elicited. The nature of this response is unknown, but appeared to operate only against the larval stages, since the size and metabolic activities of the surviving worms were similar in all animals. In a subsequent experiment, designed to examine the response of Scottish Blackface sheep to heavy infection (45000 larvae), there was no correlation between worm establishment and haemoglobin type. This was possibly due to a delayed immune response arising from exposure to excessive amounts of antigen.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF GENETIC FACTORS ON THE MAGNITUDE AND THE HETEROGENEITY OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE IN THE RABBIT

1971 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Eichmann ◽  
Dietmar G. Braun ◽  
Richard M. Krause
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Selective Breeding ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Number Of Genes ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Group A ◽  
Degree Of Heterogeneity

Selective breeding of rabbits immunized with Group C and Group A streptococcal vaccines was employed to reveal genetic influences on the magnitude and on the restriction in heterogeneity of the immune response to the group-specific carbohydrates. After two generations of selective breeding, complete segregation was achieved between a high-response population (>18 mg precipitins/ml serum, average 33 mg/ml) and a low-response population (<13 mg precipitins/ml serum, average 7.5 mg/ml) to Group C carbohydrate. This suggests that a limited number of genes controls the magnitude of the immune response to this antigen. Selective breeding of rabbits which were representative of heterogeneous, restricted, and monoclonal responses revealed that the degree of antibody heterogeneity in the parental rabbits is reflected in the offspring. More than 95% of the offspring derived from rabbits which had a heterogeneous immune response developed heterogeneous antibodies. 33% of the offspring derived from rabbits which had restricted and monoclonal immune responses developed monoclonal antibodies. This suggests that the degree of heterogeneity of the antibody response to the streptococcal carbohydrates is under genetic control. The degree of heterogeneity and the magnitude of the immune response appear to be independent variables.

scholarly journals Gamma Interferon-Producing CD4+ T Lymphocytes in the Lung Correlate with Resistance to Infection withMycobacterium tuberculosis

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 2666-2674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alissa A. Chackerian ◽  
Thushara V. Perera ◽  
Samuel M. Behar
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Genetic Locus ◽  
Inbred Mouse ◽  
Gamma Interferon ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
C3h Mice ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Resistance To Infection

ABSTRACT The human immune system efficiently limits the replication ofMycobacterium tuberculosis in most infected individuals. Only 5 to 10% of infected people develop clinical tuberculosis, a sign of the inability of the immune system to control the infection. We have studied the C3H/HeJ (C3H) and C57BL/6 (B6) inbred mouse strains, which differ in their susceptibility to tuberculosis, in order to ascertain the immunological determinants of a successful immune response againstM. tuberculosis and to establish a system to identify genes that influence susceptibility to tuberculosis. We found that the resistant B6 mice were able to control infection in both the lung and spleen, while susceptible C3H mice were incapable of limiting bacteria growth, especially in the lung, and succumbed to infection within 4 weeks. We determined that the susceptibility of C3H mice was independent of the Toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) genetic locus and allelic major histocompatibility complex differences. Although the splenic immune responses were similar in the two mouse strains, the local immune responses in the lungs of the infected mice differed greatly. The pulmonary immune response in resistant B6 mice was characterized by an early influx of both CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes that produced gamma interferon (IFN-γ). In contrast, the immune response of C3H mice in the lung was characterized by a delayed and decreased influx of lymphocytes, which produced little IFN-γ. These results suggest an important role for the early appearance of IFN-γ-producing lymphocytes in the lung in resistance to infection with M. tuberculosis.

Genetic resistance to helminths. The influence of breed and haemoglobin type on the response of sheep to re-infection with Haemonchus contortus

Parasitology ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. I. Altaif ◽  
J. D. Dargie
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Subsequent Challenge ◽  
Haemoglobin Type ◽  
Parasite Populations

SummaryThe influence of genetic factors on acquired resistance to Haemonchus contortus infections in sheep was investigated. Animals whose primary infections were terminated with an anthelmintic failed to develop any immunity against subsequent challenge as judged by worm numbers. Nevertheless, all were better able to retard the development and reduce the fecundity and haematophagic activities of their parasite populations than animals undergoing primary infections. High levels of resistance, as judged by all these parameters, were observed in most animals when the challenge larvae were superimposed on existing worm populations. The patterns of worm establishment and disease indicated that genetic factors operated in determining resistance, since fewer worms became established and less severe clinical and pathophysiological changes were observed in Scottish Blackface than in Finn Dorset sheep with the same haemoglobin type. Similar advantages were displayed by animals with haemoglobin AA and to a lesser extent those with haemoglobin AB over haemoglobin BB types. The importance of breed was further indicated by the occurrence of ‘self-cure’ in the majority of the Scottish Blackfaces but in only one Finn Dorset. There was no evidence that this reaction was associated with haemoglobin type.

scholarly journals Development of a Guinea Pig Immune Response-Related Microarray and Its Use To Define the Host Response following Mycobacterium bovis BCG Vaccination

2006 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 1436-1441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia A. Tree ◽  
Michael J. Elmore ◽  
Sajid Javed ◽  
Ann Williams ◽  
Philip D. Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Guinea Pig Model ◽  
Type Response

ABSTRACT Immune responses in the guinea pig model are understudied because of a lack of commercial reagents. We have developed a custom-made guinea pig oligonucleotide microarray (81 spots) and have examined the gene expression profile of splenocytes restimulated in vitro from Mycobacterium bovis BCG-vaccinated and naive animals. Eleven genes were significantly (P < 0.05) up-regulated following vaccination, indicating a Th1-type response. These results show that microarrays can be used to more fully define immune profiles of guinea pigs.

Oral Immune Activation by Disgust and Disease-Related Pictures

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Stevenson ◽  
Deborah Hodgson ◽  
Megan J. Oaten ◽  
Luba Sominsky ◽  
Mehmet Mahmut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Markers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Secondary Analyses ◽  
Image Set

Abstract. Both disgust and disease-related images appear able to induce an innate immune response but it is unclear whether these effects are independent or rely upon a common shared factor (e.g., disgust or disease-related cognitions). In this study we directly compared these two inductions using specifically generated sets of images. One set was disease-related but evoked little disgust, while the other set was disgust evoking but with less disease-relatedness. These two image sets were then compared to a third set, a negative control condition. Using a wholly within-subject design, participants viewed one image set per week, and provided saliva samples, before and after each viewing occasion, which were later analyzed for innate immune markers. We found that both the disease related and disgust images, relative to the negative control images, were not able to generate an innate immune response. However, secondary analyses revealed innate immune responses in participants with greater propensity to feel disgust following exposure to disease-related and disgusting images. These findings suggest that disgust images relatively free of disease-related themes, and disease-related images relatively free of disgust may be suboptimal cues for generating an innate immune response. Not only may this explain why disgust propensity mediates these effects, it may also imply a common pathway.

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