scholarly journals The Effects of Early-Life Predator Stress on Anxiety- and Depression-Like Behaviors of Adult Rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu-jing Chen ◽  
Bing-qing Shen ◽  
Dan-dan Liu ◽  
Sheng-tian Li

Childhood emotional trauma contributes significantly to certain psychopathologies, such as post-traumatic stress disorder. In experimental animals, however, whether or not early-life stress results in behavioral abnormalities in adult animals still remains controversial. Here, we investigated both short-term and long-term changes of anxiety- and depression-like behaviors of Wistar rats after being exposed to chronic feral cat stress in juvenile ages. The 2-week predator stress decreased spontaneous activities immediately following stress but did not increase depression- or anxiety-like behaviors 4 weeks after the stimulation in adulthood. Instead, juvenile predator stress had some protective effects, though not very obvious, in adulthood. We also exposed genetic depression model rats, Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats, to the same predator stress. In WKY rats, the same early-life predator stress did not enhance anxiety- or depression-like behaviors in both the short-term and long-term. However, the stressed WKY rats showed slightly reduced depression-like behaviors in adulthood. These results indicate that in both normal Wistar rats and WKY rats, early-life predator stress led to protective, rather than negative, effects in adulthood.

2019 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie D. Elliott ◽  
Rick Richardson

Hypertension ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Analia S Loria ◽  
Michael W Brands ◽  
David M Pollock ◽  
Jennifer S Pollock

We previously reported that maternal separation (MS), a model of early life stress, does not modify baseline blood pressure in adult rats, but increases sensitivity to hypertensive stimuli. Under baseline conditions, adult male rats exposed to MS have significantly reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Acute phenylephrine-induced reductions in renal blood flow is significantly attenuated in rats exposed to MS compared to control rats. Furthermore, norephinephrine (NE) content was increased in renal cortex of MS rats compared to control rats (p<0.05). These data indicate that MS induces increased renal sympathetic outflow. Thus, we hypothesized that renal denervation will normalize GFR in rats exposed to MS. Male WKY rat pups were separated from their mothers for 3 hrs/day during the morning hours from day 2 to 14 of life. Male non-separated littermates served as control rats. Experiments were performed in 300-320 g adult rats. Denervation (DnX) was performed mechanically stripping all visible renal nerves followed by topical phenol (10%) on the renal artery. Control-sham, MS-sham, control-DnX, and MS-DnX rats were instrumented with catheters in the femoral vein and abdominal aorta. Rats were placed in metabolic cages, connected to swivels, and allowed to recover for 4-5 days. Sodium intake was clamped at 2.8 mEq/day in both groups by combining sodium deficient diet and 24 hr/day 0.9% iv saline infusion (20 ml/day). GFR was determined by plasma clearance of [125I]iothalamate in the conscious state. During baseline conditions, MAP was not different between control-sham and MS-sham rats (99±4 vs 97±2 mmHg, respectively). MAP was reduced in both control-DnX and MS-DnX rats (91±2 mmHg and 83±3 mmHg, p<0.05, respectively) compared with the respective sham group. The reduction in MAP tended to be greater in MS than in control rats (-9±1 and -14±2 mmHg, p=0.074). DnX did not modify GFR in control rats (sham: 3.1±0.1 ml/min vs DnX: 3.5±0.4 ml/min). However, DnX significantly increased GFR in rats exposed to MS (sham: 2.4±0.2 ml/min vs DnX: 3.8±0.4 ml/min, p<0.05). These data support our hypothesis that MS induces increased renal sympathetic tone to reduce GFR in MS male rats, and may contribute to the exacerbated response to hypertensive stimuli observed in MS rats.


2021 ◽  
Vol 521 ◽  
pp. 111125
Author(s):  
Lucy Babicola ◽  
Rossella Ventura ◽  
Sebastian Luca D'Addario ◽  
Donald Ielpo ◽  
Diego Andolina ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
V.A. Vokina

Long-term consequences of impaired perinatal development are very significant. They appear during the neonatal period and in the first years of life, and persist during ontogenesis. There is little data on the impact of any prenatal factors on the sensitivity of a sexually mature organism to medications. The aim of the study is to assess the impact of early life stress on the development of individual antidepressant sensitivity. Materials and Methods. The authors conducted the experiments on sexually mature outbred male rats. To simulate the early life stress, a standard protocol was used. From the 2nd to 15th days of the postnatal period the pup rats were separated from their mother for 3 hours and kept in an incubator. The open-field test, Porsolt test and Sucrose consumption test were used to determine rat’s anxiety level as well as motor, orientation and exploratory activity at puberty. Then, for 14 days, the rats were intragastrically administered with a fluoxetine solution (10 mg/kg/daily), followed by their full examination. Statistical analysis of results was performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test to compare unrelated groups and Wilcoxon's test to compare related groups. Results. Fluoxetine did not have a pronounced antidepressant effect in animals that survived the early life stress. Such animals demonstrated passive floating during the Porsolt test, without any changes in immobility time. When testing in an open field, a sharp increase in the number of freezing behavior was observed, which was an indicator of an increased anxiety level in animals. Conclusion. The results obtained indicate that the long-term effects of neonatal stress may be associated with a change in antidepressant sensitivity or an increase in development of unwanted adverse reactions. Keywords: early life stress, depression, antidepressants, fluoxetine, rats. Отдаленные последствия нарушения перинатального развития весьма значительны и не только проявляются в период новорожденности и в первые годы жизни, но и сохраняются в период онтогенеза. Данные о влиянии каких-либо пренатальных факторов на чувствительность половозрелого организма к действию лекарственных веществ в доступной литературе представлены незначительно. Цель исследования – оценить роль стресса раннего периода жизни в формировании индивидуальной чувствительности к действию антидепрессантов. Материалы и методы. Эксперименты проведены на половозрелых беспородных крысах-самцах. Для моделирования стресса раннего периода жизни использовали стандартный протокол, подразумевающий отделение детенышей от матери со 2-го по 15-й дни постнатального периода на 3 ч в условиях инкубатора. В половозрелом возрасте проводили оценку уровня тревожности, двигательной и ориентировочно-исследовательской активности крыс в условиях теста открытого поля, теста Порсолта и теста «Потребление раствора сахарозы». Затем в течение 14 дней крысам внутрижелудочно вводили раствор флуоксетина (10 мг/кг/сут), после чего обследование повторяли в том же объеме. Статистический анализ результатов исследования проводили с использованием U-критерия Манна–Уитни для сравнения несвязанных групп и критерия Вилкоксона для сравнения связанных групп. Результаты. У животных, переживших стресс раннего периода жизни, флуоксетин не оказывал выраженного антидепрессантного действия. У данных животных в тесте Порсолта преобладало пассивное плавание, без изменения длительности иммобильности. При тестировании в открытом поле наблюдалось резкое повышение числа актов фризинга, что является показателем повышенного уровня тревожности у животных. Выводы. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о том, что отдаленные последствия неонатального стресса могут быть связанны с изменением чувствительности к действию антидепрессантов или повышением риска развития нежелательных побочных реакций. Ключевые слова: стресс раннего периода жизни, депрессия, антидепрессанты, флуоксетин, крысы.


2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
R. Ghalamghash ◽  
H.Z. Mammedov ◽  
H. Ashayeri ◽  
A. Hosseini

Hypertension ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen De Miguel ◽  
Dao H Ho ◽  
Analia S Loria ◽  
Ijeoma Obi ◽  
Jennifer S Pollock

We previously reported that maternal separation (MatSep), an animal model of early life stress, sensitizes rats to pro-hypertensive stimuli in adulthood. We hypothesized that MatSep induces a renal pro-inflammatory immune response. Immune cell populations and expression of cytokines were assessed by magnetic bead isolation, FACS analysis, ELISA and RT-PCR in adult male MatSep and normally-reared littermate control rats. Circulating and renal mononuclear or T cell numbers were similar between control and MatSep rats (n=4-11/group, p>0.05). Both groups presented similar percentages of circulating macrophages and T H , T C , and T reg cells (n=4, p>0.05). However, the percentage of circulating B cells was significantly decreased in MatSep rats (23.7±1.2% vs. 20.1±0.7%; n=4, p<0.05). Pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1Beta was significantly elevated in kidneys from MatSep rats (4.4±0.5 vs. 7.9±1.0 pg/mg prot; n=7-8/group; p<0.05). However, IFN-gamma, IL-6, and IL-4 were not different between control and MatSep rats. To further assess the immune system in MatSep and control rats, we acutely challenged adult rats with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 2 mg/kg; i.v., 14 h). LPS significantly elevated renal expression of pro-inflammatory chemokine receptors (CCR3, CCR4, CXCR4), cytokines (IFN-gamma, CCL3, CCL4, IL-16), and activation markers (CD40, CD40lg) in MatSep rats (4 to 6 fold increase; n=5/group, p<0.05), suggesting that MatSep induces an exaggerated pro-inflammatory renal immune response to LPS. In conclusion, early life stress induces a renal pro-inflammatory status in adulthood that leads to sensitization to further immune challenges. Funded by P01 HL 69999 to JSP, NIH T32 DK007545 to CDM, F32 HL 116145 to DHH and K99/R00 HL 111354 to ASL.


2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. S41
Author(s):  
O. Eller-Smith ◽  
X. Yang ◽  
E. Morris ◽  
J. Thyfault ◽  
J. Christianson

2003 ◽  
Vol 111 (13) ◽  
pp. 1601-1607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth H Milston ◽  
Martin S Fitzpatrick ◽  
Anthony T Vella ◽  
Shaun Clements ◽  
Deke Gundersen ◽  
...  

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