scholarly journals Sequence Variation inToxoplasma gondii rop17Gene among Strains from Different Hosts and Geographical Locations

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Nian-Zhang Zhang ◽  
Ying Xu ◽  
Si-Yang Huang ◽  
Dong-Hui Zhou ◽  
Rui-Ai Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Variation ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Type I ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Sequence Variations ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Gene Data ◽  
Geographical Locations ◽  
Rhoptry Protein

Genetic diversity ofT. gondiiis a concern of many studies, due to the biological and epidemiological diversity of this parasite. The present study examined sequence variation in rhoptry protein 17 (ROP17) gene amongT. gondiiisolates from different hosts and geographical regions. Therop17gene was amplified and sequenced from 10T. gondiistrains, and phylogenetic relationship among theseT. gondiistrains was reconstructed using maximum parsimony (MP), neighbor-joining (NJ), and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses. The partialrop17gene sequences were 1375 bp in length and A+T contents varied from 49.45% to 50.11% among all examinedT. gondiistrains. Sequence analysis identified 33 variable nucleotide positions (2.1%), 16 of which were identified as transitions. Phylogeny reconstruction based onrop17gene data revealed two major clusters which could readily distinguish Type I and Type II strains. Analyses of sequence variations in nucleotides and amino acids among these strains revealed high ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous polymorphisms (>1), indicating thatrop17shows signs of positive selection. This study demonstrated the existence of slightly high sequence variability in therop17gene sequences amongT. gondiistrains from different hosts and geographical regions, suggesting thatrop17gene may represent a new genetic marker for population genetic studies ofT. gondiiisolates.

Sequence variation in three mitochondrial DNA genes among isolates of Ascaridia galli originating from Guangdong, Hunan and Yunnan provinces, China

2012 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.Y. Li ◽  
G.H. Liu ◽  
Y. Wang ◽  
H.Q. Song ◽  
R.Q. Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Nadh Dehydrogenase ◽  
Sequence Variation ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Ascaridia Galli ◽  
Sequence Variations ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Statistical Support ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
High Statistical Support

AbstractThe present study examined sequence variation in three mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes, namely cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 (cox3) and NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1 and 4 (nad1 and nad4), among Ascaridia galli isolates from different geographical localities in China. A portion of cox3 (pcox3), nad1 (pnad1) and nad4 (pnad4) genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) separately from adult A. galli individuals and the amplicons were subjected to sequencing from both directions. The length of the sequences of pcox3, pnad1 and pnad4 were 408 bp, 471 bp and 333 bp, respectively. The intraspecific sequence variations within A. galli were 0–1.7% for pcox3, 0–2.8% for pnad1 and 0–3.4% for pnad4. The A+T contents of the sequences were 67.16–67.65% (pcox3), 67.09–67.94% (pnad1) and 69.91–71.77% (pnad4). The interspecific sequence differences among members of the Ascaridida were significantly higher, being 13.2–30.9%, 12.8–29.0% and 15.1–34.1% for pcox3, pnad1 and pnad4, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses using combined sequences of pcox3, pnad1 and pnad4, with three different computational algorithms (Bayesian analysis, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony), all revealed distinct groups with high statistical support. These findings demonstrated the existence of intraspecific variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences among A. galli isolates from different geographical regions in China, and have implications for studying molecular epidemiology and population genetics of A. galli.

Thai native chicken meat: an option to meet the demands for specific meat quality by certain groups of consumers; a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 1582 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jaturasitha ◽  
N. Chaiwang ◽  
M. Kreuzer
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Type I ◽  
Indigenous Chicken ◽  
Coronary Heart Diseases ◽  
Native Chickens ◽  
Tropical Climates

Native chickens are slowly growing indigenous chicken (Gallus domesticus) breeds; many of them were developed from jungle fowl, which is found in every part of Asia. These breeds are disease resistant, easy adapting to tropical climates, and have a low mortality. In Thailand, a distinct sector of consumers prefers to eat meat from native chickens rather than that from broilers because it is more tasty and chewy. In addition, studies have shown that it has a low content of fat which may be helpful for people susceptible to coronary heart diseases. This review also compiles evidence for further indicators of a special meat quality such as more oxidative (Type I) muscle fibres, a higher collagen content (promoting the preferred chewiness), an elevated content of certain flavor-relevant compounds, as well as high ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids.

Distribution dynamics of Fusarium spp. causing Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat at different geographical locations in India

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 167-177
Author(s):  
Vipin Panwar ◽  
Ashok Aggarwal ◽  
Surinder Paul ◽  
Jitender Kumar ◽  
M. S. Saharan
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Distribution Dynamics ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Geographical Locations

Fusarium head blight (FHB) or head Scab is a very devastating fungal disease of wheat. Epidemics results with severe yield losses and overall seed quality reduction due to mycotoxins contaminated grains. Several species of Fusarium are found associated with the disease. But, incidence and severity of FHB and the composition of Fusarium species involved are reported to vary among geographical regions and years due to variations in climatic condi-tions and cropping practices. Climatic conditions, and even local variations in weather, can limit the range of species observed even if several are present, and influence their relative frequency of recovery. Our present study gives an idea about the distribution dynamics of FHB causing Fusarium spp. at three different locations in India. Most of the species can be found in much of geographical area affected but individual species dominate a specific re-gion. Analysis of the results of present study indicated that three Fusarium spp. i.e. F. graminearum, F. pallidoroseum and F. oxysporum were found as-sociated with FHB but F. graminearum was the dominant in all the location surveyed. Other two species are also associated with the disease but fre-quency was low. As these geographical locations represent different climatic conditions, the high relative distribution frequency of F. graminearum indi-cates its better adaptability to variable environmental conditions. Under-standing the pathogen distribution dynamics may also provide insights into the epidemiology and evolutionary potential of Fusarium spp. and could lead to improved management strategies under present climate change scenario.

scholarly journals The Epidemiology of Keloids

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
Chenyu Huang ◽  
Zhaozhao Wu ◽  
Yanan Du ◽  
Rei Ogawa
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Collagen Type I ◽  
Type I ◽  
Reticular Dermis ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
The World ◽  
Demographic Distribution

AbstractKeloids are pathological scars that are characterized histologically by an overwhelming aggregation of fibroblasts and collagen type I within the inflammatory reticular dermis. Their clinical characteristics include continuous growth and invasion into the neighboring healthy skin beyond the original wound boundary via an erythematous and pruritic leading edge. They also show a strong tendency to recur when they are surgically excised in the absence of adjuvant therapies. Despite the fact that keloids are common throughout the world, their epidemiology has not been adequately investigated. In this chapter, we will summarize the limited epidemiological data on keloids that exists to date in terms of: (1) the demographic distribution of keloids, mainly on the geographical regions and ethnic racies; (2) the internal genetic factors that shape keloid rates; and (3) the external environmental factors that influence keloid epidemiology. The aim of the chapter is to facilitate a greater understanding of the complexity and diversity of keloids from an epidemiological perspective, thereby potentiating further and deeper explorations into individualized strategies that prevent and treat keloids.

scholarly journals Disabling a Type I-E CRISPR-Cas Nuclease with a Bacteriophage-Encoded Anti-CRISPR Protein

mBio ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
April Pawluk ◽  
Megha Shah ◽  
Marios Mejdani ◽  
Charles Calmettes ◽  
Trevor F. Moraes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Transcriptional Repressor ◽  
Mobile Genetic Elements ◽  
Type I ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Genetic Elements ◽  
Crispr System ◽  
Mechanistic Insight ◽  
Resistance To Invasion ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACT CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)-Cas adaptive immune systems are prevalent defense mechanisms in bacteria and archaea. They provide sequence-specific detection and neutralization of foreign nucleic acids such as bacteriophages and plasmids. One mechanism by which phages and other mobile genetic elements are able to overcome the CRISPR-Cas system is through the expression of anti-CRISPR proteins. Over 20 different families of anti-CRISPR proteins have been described, each of which inhibits a particular type of CRISPR-Cas system. In this work, we determined the structure of type I-E anti-CRISPR protein AcrE1 by X-ray crystallography. We show that AcrE1 binds to the CRISPR-associated helicase/nuclease Cas3 and that the C-terminal region of the anti-CRISPR protein is important for its inhibitory activity. We further show that AcrE1 can convert the endogenous type I-E CRISPR system into a programmable transcriptional repressor. IMPORTANCE The CRISPR-Cas immune system provides bacteria with resistance to invasion by potentially harmful viruses, plasmids, and other foreign mobile genetic elements. This study presents the first structural and mechanistic insight into a phage-encoded protein that inactivates the type I-E CRISPR-Cas system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The interaction of this anti-CRISPR protein with the CRISPR-associated helicase/nuclease proteins Cas3 shuts down the CRISPR-Cas system and protects phages carrying this gene from destruction. This interaction also allows the repurposing of the endogenous type I-E CRISPR system into a programmable transcriptional repressor, providing a new biotechnological tool for genetic studies of bacteria encoding this type I-E CRISPR-Cas system. IMPORTANCE The CRISPR-Cas immune system provides bacteria with resistance to invasion by potentially harmful viruses, plasmids, and other foreign mobile genetic elements. This study presents the first structural and mechanistic insight into a phage-encoded protein that inactivates the type I-E CRISPR-Cas system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The interaction of this anti-CRISPR protein with the CRISPR-associated helicase/nuclease proteins Cas3 shuts down the CRISPR-Cas system and protects phages carrying this gene from destruction. This interaction also allows the repurposing of the endogenous type I-E CRISPR system into a programmable transcriptional repressor, providing a new biotechnological tool for genetic studies of bacteria encoding this type I-E CRISPR-Cas system.

Genetic, geographical and temporal variation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Illinois

Microbiology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony L. Goldberg ◽  
Edwin C. Hahn ◽  
Ronald M. Weigel ◽  
Gail Scherba
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Genetic Similarity ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Amino Acid Level ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Stabilizing Selection ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Geographical Regions

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) ORF5 gene sequences were generated by RT–PCR from 55 field isolates collected in Illinois and eastern Iowa. Spatial and temporal patterns of genetic variation in the virus were examined on a local geographical scale in order to test the hypothesis that the genetic similarity of PRRSV isolates (measured as their percentage pairwise ORF5 nucleotide similarity) was positively correlated with their geographical proximity. Levels of genetic variability in the Illinois/eastern Iowa PRRSV sample were similar to levels of variability seen across broader geographical regions within North America. The genetic similarity of isolates did not correlate with their geographical distance. These results imply that the movement of PRRSV onto farms does not generally occur via distance-limited processes such as wind or wildlife vectors, but more typically occurs via the long-distance transport of animals or semen. Genetic distances between PRRSV isolates collected from the same farms at different times increased as the time separating the collection events increased. This result implies rapid movement of new genetic types of PRRSV into and out of farms. PRRSV ORF5 displayed a pattern of third-codon-position diversity bias that was not evident in a geographically comparable sample of pseudorabies virus (a swine alphaherpesvirus) gC gene sequences. This result provides evidence that PRRSV ORF5 is experiencing stabilizing selection against structural novelty. Despite high genetic variability at all geographical levels, PRRSV ORF5 nevertheless contained potentially antigenic regions that were invariant at the amino acid level. These regions should make effective vaccine targets if they prove to be immunogenic.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Bilateral Asymmetry in the Humerus of Human Skeletal Specimen

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Samuel S. Dare ◽  
Godfery Masilili ◽  
Kintu Mugagga ◽  
Peter E. Ekanem
Keyword(s):  
Research Area ◽  
Important Research ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
Bilateral Asymmetry ◽  
Makerere University ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Humeral Torsion ◽  
Important Research Area ◽  
The Right ◽  
Geographical Locations

Several studies have established a relationship between morphological and behavioral asymmetry making investigations of bilateral bone asymmetry an attractive and important research area. The purpose of this study was to investigate bilateral asymmetry patterns of skeletal specimen from five geographical locations (Rwanda, Burundi, Congo, Kenya, and Uganda) at Galloway Osteological Collection, Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences. The angle of torsion and retroversion, mid-shaft circumference, length, and weight of 232 pairs of humeri were determined. A Torsiometer was used to measure the angle of torsion in degrees according to Krahl and Evans 1945, a tape was used to measure the mid-shaft circumference at the level of the apex of the deltoid V, and the length in cm was determined. An osteometric board was used to measure the length of the humerus in centimeters. A weighing balance was used to measure the weight of the humerus in grams. The analysis of humeral asymmetry with respect to parameters of the human skeletal specimen at the Galloway Osteological Collection Mulago revealed bilateral asymmetrical status observed in the angle of torsion, length, weight, and mid-shaft circumference. Our result mostly showed lateralization to the right in all the parameters investigated except the torsion angle which is to the left. Our investigation revealed that humeral torsion is inversely proportional to weight, length, and mid-shaft circumference of the humerus. This study established the existence of bilateral asymmetries in the humeri of all the geographical regions investigated with more asymmetry observed in the male compared with the female.

Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia in the Conceptualization of the Disease Spectrum

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
C. Höschl ◽  
P. Stopková
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Prenatal Development ◽  
Type I ◽  
Perinatal Complications ◽  
Birth Seasonality ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Disease Spectrum ◽  
Disorder Type

Both disorders are worldwide, lifelong, and recurrent illnesses with periods of exacerbation and partial or full remissions. Lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder type I is around 1%. Women and men are affected at proximately equal rates and the typical age of onset is similar. Both disorders also share risk factors showing evidence for impaired prenatal development, such as birth seasonality, abnormal dermatoglyphs and higher incidence of perinatal complications. However, there is evidence for differences in prevalence in geographical isolates, in presence of minor physical abnormalities and possibly also in influence of psychosocial factors, urbanicity and use of cannabis. However, based only on similar epidemiological parameters, it is not possible to assume any degree of continuity between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. The main evidence for partially shared pathophysiology is given by genetic studies.

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