Evaluation of rearing and feed management of native chickens in Margomulyo Village, South Lampung Regency

Up to now, native chickens have been mostly reared traditionally, with a feeding system that does not take into account the needs of the livestock. The purpose of community service is to provide advice on the rearing system and feed management for native chickens, as well as information on feed formulations. Community service activities are carried out in Margomulyo Village, Jati Agung District, South Lampung Regency, using the Participation Rural Appraisal (PRA) method, with active participation from smallholder farmers. Farmers' increased knowledge, among other things, better understands the intensive native chicken rearing system, the potential of local feed resources, and the needs of livestock and how to formulate rations for native chickens.

Effect of Adding Cassava Peel and Lactic Acid Bacteria as a Feed Additive to the Weight of Immune Organs of Super Native Chicken

This study aims to evaluate the use of cassava peels added with lactic acid bacteria on the immune organ weight of super native chickens. The material used in this study was 144 Day Old Chick (DOC) super unsex native chicken with an average body weight of 34 ± 3,14 gram. The research design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with a dose of liquid feed additive in the form of a combination of cassava peel flour and lactic acid bacteria mixed with rations. The treatments in this study included T0: basal ration, T1 (basal ration + 10% feed additive ml/kg), T2 (basal ration + 15% feed additive ml/kg) and T3 (basal ration + 20% feed additive ml/kg). The parameters observed were body weight, the relative weight of lymph, thymus, and bursa Fabricius superficial chicken stock exchange. The result showed that the combination of cassava peel and lactic acid bacteria had no significant effect (P>0.05) on body weight, the relative weight of the lymph organs, thymus, and bursa Fabricius of super native chickens. This research concludes that the combination of cassava peel and lactic acid bacteria as a feed additive can maintain chickens' health by not increasing the relative weight of the super native chicken immune organs to the level of 200 ml/kg.

Effects of Cyclic Thermal Stress at Later Age on Production Performance and Meat Quality of Fast-Growing, Medium-Growing and Thai Native Chickens

The present study aimed at assessing the impact of cyclic thermal stress on production performance and meat quality of commercial broilers (BRs), Thai native chickens (NT) and the hybrids between BR and NT (H75; crossbreed 25% NT). At the age of 3, 5 and 9 weeks for BR, H75 and NT, respectively, each strain was equally divided (n = 50) into control and treatment groups. The controls were raised at a constant 26 ± 1 °C, while the treatments were subjected to thermal stress (35 ± 1 °C, 6 h daily) for 3 weeks. The results indicated that final weight and average daily gain of BR and NT treated groups were significantly lower than those of their control counterparts. Reduced body weight gain of BR and H75, as well as feed intake of H75, was observed in the treatment groups (p < 0.05). The stressed BR breasts showed decreased moisture, fat and carbohydrate, accompanied by increased protein, ash, L *-value, b*-value and shear force (p < 0.05). No significant effects (p ≥ 0.05) of the thermal stress on meat quality indices were found for H75 and NT breast samples. Pectoral myopathies were observed in BR and H75 chickens, but the numbers of cases were decreased in the thermally treated groups.

Characterization of Oviduct Lining, with Emphasis on the Sperm Storage Tubule Region (Uterovaginal Junction), Correlated with Fertility in Mature and Old Thai Native Hens

The effect of age on fertility was investigated in Thai native chickens. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of age (mature and old) on the morphological characteristics of the reproductive organs and the histological characteristics of the uterovaginal junction (UVJ) tissues, resident sperm in the UVJ, and fertility duration in Thai native hens. We found no differences in the morphological characteristics of the reproductive organs, except for the number of follicles and the sizes of the fifth large yellow follicle in mature hens, which were greater than those in old hens (p < 0.05). The diameter of the sperm storage tubules (SSTs) epithelium was larger in old hens than in mature hens (p < 0.05), whereas the epithelium height was lower in old hens (p < 0.05). The number of sperm in the SSTs was greater in mature hens compared with old hens (p < 0.05). Mature hens showed a higher fertility rate than old hens. Our results suggest that, in old hens, the function of the SSTs is impaired, and sperm cannot be retained. Such a deterioration of the SSTs may be one of the factors involved in the decline in fertility.

Genetic Effect and Growth Curve Parameter Estimation under Heat Stress in Slow-Growing Thai Native Chickens

Heat stress is becoming a major problem because it limits growth in poultry production, especially in tropical areas. The development of genetic lines of Thai native chickens (TNC) which can tolerate the tropical climate with the least compromise on growth performance is therefore necessary. This research aims to analyze the appropriate growth curve function and to estimate the effect of heat stress on the genetic absolute growth rate (AGR) in TNC and Thai synthetic chickens (TSC). The data comprised 35,355 records for body weight from hatching to slaughtering weight of 7241 TNC and 10,220 records of 2022 TSC. The best-fitting growth curve was investigated from three nonlinear regression models (von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, and logistic) and used to analyze the individual AGR. In addition, a repeatability test-day model on the temperature-humidity index (THI) function was used to estimate the genetic parameters for heat stress. The Gompertz function produced the lowest mean squared error (MSE) and Akaike information criterion (AIC) and highest the pseudo-coefficient of determination (Pseudo-R2) in both chicken breeds. The growth rates in TSC were higher than TNC; the growth rates of males were greater than females, but the age at inflection point in females was lower than in males in both chicken breeds. The THI threshold started at 76. The heritability of the AGR was 0.23 and 0.18 in TNC and TSC, respectively. The additive variance and permanent environmental variance of the heat stress effect increased sharply after the THI of 76. The growth rate decreased more severely in TSC than TNC. In conclusion, the Gompertz function can be applied with the THI to evaluate genetic performance for heat tolerance and increase growth performance in slow-growing chicken.

​Effect of Hydrilla verticillata in Feed on Production Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Thai Native Chickens

Background: Producing Thai native chickens through feed commercial is costly. To reduce the cost, native chicken could be fed with local plants or agricultural waste. Hyrrilla verticillate, a dominate macrophyte in Songkhla Lagoon, contain high crude protein and nitrogen free extract. Therefore, this research studied the use of Hydrilla verticillate in Thai native chicken diet on production performance, carcass characteristics and production cost. Methods: The experiment was executed in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 180 one-day-old commercial Thai native chicks. Four dietary treatments supplemented with 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% Hydrilla verticillata were formulated for three different phases of the experimental chickens: starter (1-4 weeks), grower (5-8 weeks) and finisher (9-12 weeks). Two chickens from each replicate were chosen for the carcass characteristics study. Result: During the starter phase, there was no notable effect shown among the chickens fed with the diet containing Hydrilla verticillata in terms of feed intake (FI) and body weight gain (BWG) (P greater than 0.05). The control chickens had best feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P less than 0.05), while the grower and the finisher periods, provided with different levels of Hydrilla verticillata, revealed no apparent differences (P greater than 0.05) concerning FI, BWG and FCR. Considering carcass characteristics, there were significant differences in live weight (LW) (P less than 0.05). But, no significant differences between treatments for hot carcass percentage, pectoralis majors, pectoralis minorstrip, thighs, wings, drumsticks and total edible carcass (P greater than 0.05). There were also statistical divergences regarding gizzard weight (GW) (P less than 0.05).

A comparative economic study on improved and non-improved native chicken practices in some selected areas of Bangladesh

Native chickens are important for the rural poor women and marginalized section for subsidiary income and safe nutrition. Considering that views, the study were conducted taking objectives is assessing the profitability of native chicken and to find the livelihood status of native chicken farmers. The study areas were selected from six districts, namely, Joypurhat Sadar under Joypurhat, Dinajpur Sadar under Dinajpur, Dumoria under Khulna, Kotalipara under Gopalgonj, Nokla under Sherpur and Sonagazi under Feni district on the basis of improved native chickens project implementation areas. The selected areas were consisted of 30 treatment groups and 30 control groups from each upazila. The total sample size was 360 (P/H). In the case of profitability, the treatment group earned BDT 3,450 per 10 birds per annum followed by control group earned BDT 2,476. The BCR was found 2.04 and 1.45, respectively for treatment and control group. It was evident that treatment group produced 60 native chickens annually and on the other hand, control group produced 30 native chickens. For control group, labour cost occupied 32 percent and the feed cost captured 23 percent. On the other hand, for treatment group, feed cost occupied 34 percent and the labour cost was 38 percent. Fifty percent farmers opined that they reared native chicken for additional family income followed by 37 percent home consumption, 9 percent ceremonies and 4 percent creating employment opportunity. Rearing of native chicken entirely depends on women’s decision but the usage of money is controlled by women and men. It was found that women dominated most activities in rearing native chicken. Based on the result of the study, 100 percent women was the decision maker for rearing native chicken in both groups. Decision on selling of native chicken made by women was 92.15 percent in treatment group and 73.28 percent in control group. Money received from native chicken was also controlled 78.26 percent in treatment group and 51.57 percent in control group by women. Lack of access to livestock extension service, bad eggs quality, access to credit also was the challenges for native chicken farmers covering 7 percent, 4 percent and 4 percent, respectively. From this study, it was clear that rearing native chicken farming brought positive changes in economic, social and specially women empowerment indicators. Bang. J. Livs. Res. Vol. 27 (1&2), 2020: P. 24-38

Analisis Citra Kuning Telur Berbasis Ekstraksi Ciri Statistika Orde Satu untuk Mengenali Jenis Telur Ayam Ras dan Ayam Kampung

<p><em>Chicken eggs are one of the most familiar side dishes in Indonesia besides tempeh. High protein and low prices make eggs a favorite side dish for the people of Indonesia. Although almost every day we see egg yolks we often can't tell for sure what chicken egg yolks we see. Based on this, the author tries to study egg yolk imagery based on first-order feature extraction using various features such as variance, skewness, carding, entropy, and mean. Statistical calculations are used based on the pixel values of the original image in this first-order texture calculation with the sole purpose of finding the histogram properties of the image. The results of first-order statistical characteristic calculations were used to differentiate between native and purebred chicken eggs. This study facilitates decision making, especially in the selection of accurate and measurable egg yolks from several types of chicken eggs, thereby minimizing public mistakes in choosing eggs based on egg yolks. The first step that can be done is to determine the data consisting of various types of images of free-range chicken egg yolks. These are free-range chicken eggs and purebred chicken eggs. The image is then segmented by separating the yolk and white, then first-order statistical analysis which later the results of these statistical calculations can be used as a reference in determining the type of egg. The results of the trial resulted in first-order feature extraction statistical values, namely for native chickens, the mean value was 132.743, min 69.5255, max 252.5, standard deviation was 29.922 and variance was 905.882. The average value of statistics was order 1 for native chickens. of mean 137,176, min 48, max 240.2, standard deviation 31,454 and variance of 957.89.</em></p>

Hematological parameters and antibody titers to new castle diseases and avian influenza on extensive and semi-intensive system

The study evaluated the hematological parameters and antibody titers against Newcastle Disease (ND) and Avian Influenza (AI) on native chickens under extensive and semi-intensive rearing in Central Java, Indonesia. The target of the study was native chickens in Banyumas and Kebumen areas. The chickens were reared extensive and semi-intensively. The survey method was carried out by drawing 324 chicken blood samples for hematological tests and measuring antibody titer to ND and AI. The data obtained were analyzed using a general linear model (GLM) with the Systat ver.13 program. The results showed that native chicken in extensive and semi-intensive systems had different physiological statuses (P<0.05). The number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin levels, hematocrit values, total plasma protein levels, and heterophil-lymphocyte ratios was higher on semi-intensive than extensive system. However, the number of leucocytes was relatively high the same (P>0.05). In extensive system rearing, the number of native chickens with effective antibody titers against ND and AI was higher than the semi-intensive. The study concluded that native chickens reared in semi-intensive systems had a healthier physiological status than chickens in extensive systems. However, the effective antibody titers against ND and AI in the extensive and semi-intensive systems were still very low.