scholarly journals Testing Estimates of Housing Cost Differences among US Metropolitan Areas

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Todd Easton
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Housing Cost ◽  
Cost Index ◽  
Housing Component ◽  
Fair Market ◽  
Cost Differences ◽  
Living Cost

This paper investigates the accuracy of six measures of housing cost differences among US metropolitan areas. Using Census data from 177 metropolitan areas, it tests the measures in two ways. First, it tests the ability of changes in the measures to predict changes in the shelter component of the metropolitan CPI from 1990 to 2000. Second, it tests the ability of the measures themselves to predict a proxy in 2000. A measure based on Fair Market Rents calculated by HUD placed second on the first test but did badly on the second. The housing component of the ACCRA index, a living cost measure frequently used by researchers, performed poorly on both tests. The top performer on both tests was a measure based on the average rent per room for a metropolitan area’s dwellings. Researchers wishing to control for living cost differences among places should consider including it in their living cost index.

scholarly journals Changing boundaries: Overcoming modifiable areal unit problems related to unemployment data in South Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol Volume 112 (Number 3/4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina Weir-Smith ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Areal Unit ◽  
Areal Interpolation ◽  
Unemployment Data ◽  
Municipal Boundaries ◽  
Longitudinal Comparison

Abstract The longitudinal comparison of census data in spatial format is often problematic because of changes in administrative boundaries. Such shifting boundaries are referred to as the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). This article utilises unemployment data between 1991 and 2007 in South Africa to illustrate the challenge and proposes ways to overcome it. Various censuses in South Africa use different reporting geographies. Unemployment data for magisterial districts of census 1991 and 1996 were re-modelled to the 2005 municipal boundaries. This article showed that areal interpolation to a common administrative boundary could overcome these reporting obstacles. The results confirmed more accurate interpolations in rural areas with standard errors below 3300. Conversely, the largest errors were recorded in the metropolitan areas. Huge increases in unemployment between 1996 and 2001 statistics were also evident, especially in the metropolitan areas. Although such areas are more complex in nature, making it more difficult to accurately calculate census data, the increase in unemployment could also be the result of census taking methods. The article concludes that socio-economic data should be available at the smallest possible geographic area to ensure more accurate results in interpolation. It also recommends that new output areas be conceptualised to create a seamless database of census data from 1991 to 2011 in South Africa.

Residential Patterns among Religious Groups in Canadian Cities

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Fong ◽  
Elic Chan
Keyword(s):  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Community Services ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Canadian Society ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Residential Patterns ◽  
Comprehensive Comparison

This study, based on 2001 Canadian census data for 16 census metropolitan areas, explores residential segregation among eight religious groups. We include non–Christian religious groups to reflect the emerging religious diversity of Canadian society. Our study provides the first comprehensive comparison of the residential patterns of people affiliated with major religious groups in Canada. We argue that each religion is associated with unique sets of religious institutional behaviors, which in turn shape each religious group's relationships with other religious groups. In this study, we identify four religious institutional behaviors that can affect the residential segregation of various religious groups: institutional orientation of religious community services, subcultural identity, religious identity, and discrimination. The findings indicate that these religious institutional behaviors are related to the residential segregation patterns of different religious groups.

scholarly journals Are Knowledge-Intensive Services an Urban Growth Factor in the Global Periphery? (Un)Fulfilled Possibilities in the Large Metropolitan Areas of Mexico

Urban Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Boris Graizbord ◽  
Luis Enrique Santiago
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Service Economy ◽  
Spatial Logic ◽  
Economic Census ◽  
Knowledge Intensive

In this paper, we analyze the labor productivity of “knowledge-intensive services” (KIS) located in the four larger metropolitan areas in Mexico. We discuss the accepted explanation to why big cities concentrate the best and most qualified jobs and activities that generate innovative and technological change and therefore labor productivity. In Mexico this is the case for some knowledge-intensive sectors, but some paradoxes emerge when services are disaggregated by analytical, synthetic, and symbolic categories. We use disaggregated economic census data for 2004 and 2014 to find changes in labor productivity in those KIS sectors compared to the metropolitan service economy. In fact, we can identify different spatial logic according to the type of knowledge that KIS produce. Results show unexpected paradoxes in terms of type of KIS category viz a viz their location and growth performance in the four larger metropolitan areas.

The Macrosociology of Paid Domestic Labor

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Milkman ◽  
Ellen Reese ◽  
Benita Roth
Keyword(s):  
Women Workers ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Domestic Labor ◽  
Modernization Theory ◽  
Class Inequality ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This chapter examines the importance of growing class inequality as a driver of employment growth in paid domestic labor by drawing on macrosociological, rather than microsociological, literature. More specifically, it considers what explains variation in the proportion of the labor force employed in paid domestic labor over time and space. After comparing the microsociology of paid domestic labor with the modernization theory and the macrosociology of domestic labor, the chapter analyzes the 1990 census data for the 100 largest metropolitan areas in the United States. It shows that income inequality is a significant predictor of the proportion of women workers employed in domestic labor, as was the case in the 1980s in southern California. It also attributes the expansion of employment in paid domestic work in the late twentieth century to widening class inequality, including inequality among women.

The Dimensions of Racial Inequality: Occupational and Residential Segregation Across Metropolitan Areas in the United States

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth Ovadia
Keyword(s):  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Racial Inequality ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Zero Order ◽  
Structural Systems ◽  
Exogenous Factor ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
American Society

Residential and occupational segregation are two structural systems that perpetuate the disadvantaged status of blacks in American society. Despite extensive research on both these topics, there has been little empirical examination as to whether they are independent systems or both part of a larger monolithic system of racial inequality. An analysis of 1990 Census data for 261 metropolitan areas shows that there is a negative zero‐order correlation between the two forms of segregation. However, controlling for the size of the population accounts for the negative correlation. Net of this exogenous factor, the correlation between the two forms of segregation is not statistically significant. This suggests that for individuals, the issue of racial inequality is one of tradeoffs between forms of disadvantage as one moves from city to city. For policymakers, these results indicate that urban racial inequality is multidimensional, requiring different strategies for different manifestations.

Women, Race, and Ethnicity: Exploring Earnings Differentials in Metropolitan America

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley Williams Reid ◽  
Robert M. Adelman ◽  
Charles Jaret
Keyword(s):  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
White Women ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Asian Women ◽  
Black And White

We draw on leading theories about the structural causes of inequality in the United States to explore inter–metropolitan differences in average earnings for white, black, Hispanic, and Asian women. Our analysis utilizes 2000 census data for a sample of 150 metropolitan areas to investigate the determinants of both women's median earnings and earnings’ inequality by race and ethnicity. We find substantial differences between the earnings of minority and white women across metropolitan areas, although the differences are not in the same direction for all groups. Among other findings, our results indicate: (1) The more retail trade and educational, health, and social service employment, the lower the earnings of most women; (2) the larger the immigrant population in an area, the higher the earnings of white and Asian, but not black or Hispanic women; and (3) residing in the South increases levels of inequality between black and white women. In summary, our results indicate that conventional predictors of aggregate earnings and earnings’ inequality operate differently for white, black, Hispanic, and Asian women at the metropolitan level. Structural characteristics of metropolitan areas all have some influence on women's economic outcomes; but those influences are consistent neither for the earnings of all groups of women nor for earnings’ inequality between groups of women.

scholarly journals Neighborhood Opportunities, Race, and Class: The Black Middle Class and Residential Segregation

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Adelman
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
College Graduates ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Racial Residential Segregation ◽  
Race And Class ◽  
Female Headed Households ◽  
Middle Class Blacks

Racial residential segregation has received considerable attention from social scientists who, in general, have found that African Americans, particularly those in large, northeastern and midwestern metropolitan areas have been highly segregated from whites since at least the beginning of the Great Migration. This analysis combines research on racial residential segregation with research about residential segregation based on social class in order to study the segregation of middle‐class blacks from middle‐class whites. By using Census data that incorporate consistent geographic definitions of Census tracts in 50 U.S. metropolitan areas from 1970 to 1990, I assess change in the levels of residential segregation between middle‐class blacks and middle‐class whites. The index of dissimilarity indicates that while there was a decrease in the segregation of middle‐class blacks from middle‐class whites between 1970 and 1990, in many metropolitan areas this segregation remained high through 1990. The analysis also shows that middle‐class blacks lived in neighborhoods, on average, with considerably more poverty, more boarded‐up homes, more female‐headed households, and fewer college graduates than neighborhoods inhabited by middle‐class whites. Overall, the results suggest that, for the most part, these groups remain residentially separated in U.S. metropolitan areas.

Urban Transport Expansions and Changes in the Spatial Structure of U.S. Cities: Implications for Productivity and Welfare

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 929-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel Baum-Snow
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Central City ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Agglomeration Economies ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Housing Cost ◽  
Housing Production ◽  
Factor Reallocation ◽  
Period Model

Each new radial highway serving large U.S. metropolitan areas decentralized 14% to 16% of central city working residents and 4% to 6% of jobs in the 1960–2000 period. Model calibrations yield implied elasticities of central city total factor productivity to central city employment relative to suburban employment of 0.04 to 0.09, meaning a large fraction of agglomeration economies operates at submetropolitan-area spatial scales. Each additional highway causes central city income net of commuting costs to increase by up to 2.4% and housing cost to decline by up to 1.3%. Factor reallocation toward land in housing production generates the plurality of the population decentralization caused by new highways.

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