scholarly journals Prospects for Irradiation in Cellulosic Ethanol Production

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Saini ◽  
Neeraj K. Aggarwal ◽  
Anuja Sharma ◽  
Anita Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Cellulosic Ethanol ◽  
Electron Beam Irradiation ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Ultrasonic Waves ◽  
Beam Irradiation ◽  
Second Generation Bioethanol ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
The Common

Second generation bioethanol production technology relies on lignocellulosic biomass composed of hemicelluloses, celluloses, and lignin components. Cellulose and hemicellulose are sources of fermentable sugars. But the structural characteristics of lignocelluloses pose hindrance to the conversion of these sugar polysaccharides into ethanol. The process of ethanol production, therefore, involves an expensive and energy intensive step of pretreatment, which reduces the recalcitrance of lignocellulose and makes feedstock more susceptible to saccharification. Various physical, chemical, biological, or combined methods are employed to pretreat lignocelluloses. Irradiation is one of the common and promising physical methods of pretreatment, which involves ultrasonic waves, microwaves, γ-rays, and electron beam. Irradiation is also known to enhance the effect of saccharification. This review explains the role of different radiations in the production of cellulosic ethanol.

scholarly journals Evidence for biological shaping of hair ice

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 4261-4273 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Hofmann ◽  
G. Preuss ◽  
C. Mätzler
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Ice Growth ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Broad Leaf ◽  
The Common

Abstract. An unusual ice type, called hair ice, grows on the surface of dead wood of broad-leaf trees at temperatures slightly below 0 °C. We describe this phenomenon and present physical, chemical, and biological investigations to gain insight in the properties and processes related to hair ice. Tests revealed that the biological activity of a winter-active fungus is required in the wood for enabling the growth of hair ice. We confirmed the fungus hypothesis originally suggested by Wegener (1918) by reproducing hair ice on wood samples. Treatment by heat and fungicide suppresses the formation of hair ice. Fruiting bodies of Asco- and Basidiomycota are identified on hair-ice-carrying wood. One species, Exidiopsis effusa (Ee), was present on all investigated samples. Both hair-ice-producing wood samples and those with killed fungus show essentially the same temperature variation, indicating that the heat produced by fungal metabolism is very small, that the freezing rate is not influenced by the fungus activity, and that ice segregation is the common mechanism of ice growth on the wood surface. The fungus plays the role of shaping the ice hairs and preventing them from recrystallisation. Melted hair ice indicates the presence of organic matter. Chemical analyses show a complex mixture of several thousand CHO(N,S) compounds similar to fulvic acids in dissolved organic matter (DOM). The evaluation reveals decomposed lignin as being the main constituent. Further work is needed to clarify its role in hair-ice growth and to identify the recrystallisation inhibitor.

scholarly journals Effect of electron beam irradiation on the structural characteristics and functional properties of rice proteins

RSC Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
pp. 13550-13560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinxia Zhang ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Zhengxing Chen ◽  
Yongfu Li ◽  
Xiaohu Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Electron Beam Irradiation ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Beam Irradiation ◽  
Functional Changes

A study of the structural and functional changes of rice proteins (RPs) induced by electron beam irradiation (EBI) at 5 kGy, 10 kGy, 20 kGy, and 30 kGy was performed.

Space charges remaining in polymers after electron beam irradiation and the role of conductivity in their decay profiles

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-241
Author(s):  
Naoto Tomite ◽  
Yukitaka Arai ◽  
Yoshimichi Ohki ◽  
Toru Hinata ◽  
Masakazu Washio
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Beam Irradiation ◽  
Beam Irradiation ◽  
Space Charges

scholarly journals Evidence for biological shaping of hair ice

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 5293-5332
Author(s):  
D. Hofmann ◽  
G. Preuss ◽  
C. Mätzler
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Ice Growth ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Broad Leaf ◽  
The Common

Abstract. An unusual ice type, called hair ice, grows on the surface of dead wood of broad-leaf trees at temperatures slightly below 0 °C. We describe this phenomenon and present physical, chemical, and biological investigations to gain insight in the properties and processes related to hair ice. Tests revealed that the biological activity of a winter-active fungus is required in the wood for enabling the growth of hair ice. We confirmed the fungus hypothesis originally suggested by Wegener (1918) by reproducing hair ice on wood samples. Treatment by heat and fungicide, respectively, suppresses the formation of hair ice. Fruiting bodies of Asco- and Basidiomycota are identified on hair-ice carrying wood. One species, Exidiopsis effusa (Ee), has been present on all investigated samples. Both hair-ice producing wood samples and those with killed fungus show essentially the same temperature variation, indicating that the heat produced by fungal metabolism is very small, that the freezing rate is not influenced by the fungus activity and that ice segregation is the common mechanism of ice growth at the wood surface. The fungus plays the role of shaping the ice hairs and to prevent them from recrystallisation. Melted hair ice indicates the presence of organic matter. Chemical analyses show a complex mixture of several thousand CHO(N,S)-compounds similar to fulvic acids in dissolved organic matter (DOM). The evaluation reveals decomposed lignin as the main constituent. Further work is needed to clarify its role in hair-ice growth and to identify the recrystallisation inhibitor.

Porous nanostructures of SnSe: role of ionic liquid, tuning of nanomorphology and mechanistic studies

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (95) ◽  
pp. 92934-92942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laboni Das ◽  
Apurav Guleria ◽  
Suman Neogy ◽  
Soumyakanti Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Beam Irradiation ◽  
Mechanistic Studies ◽  
Beam Irradiation ◽  
Porous Nanostructures

Porous SnSe nanoparticles have been synthesized in imidazolium based RTILviaelectron beam irradiation. RTIL provides a stabilizing environment as well as anin situsource of reducing radicals for the reduction of precursors.

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