Correlation Assessment between Three-Dimensional Facial Soft Tissue Scan and Lateral Cephalometric Radiography in Orthodontic Diagnosis

Purpose. The aim of the present prospective study was to investigate correlations between 3D facial soft tissue scan and lateral cephalometric radiography measurements.Materials and Methods. The study sample comprised 312 subjects of Caucasian ethnic origin. Exclusion criteria were all the craniofacial anomalies, noticeable asymmetries, and previous or current orthodontic treatment. A cephalometric analysis was developed employing 11 soft tissue landmarks and 14 sagittal and 14 vertical angular measurements corresponding to skeletal cephalometric variables. Cephalometric analyses on lateral cephalometric radiographies were performed for all subjects. The measurements were analysed in terms of their reliability and gender-age specific differences. Then, the soft tissue values were analysed for any correlations with lateral cephalometric radiography variables using Pearson correlation coefficient analysis.Results. Low, medium, and high correlations were found for sagittal and vertical measurements. Sagittal measurements seemed to be more reliable in providing a soft tissue diagnosis than vertical measurements.Conclusions. Sagittal parameters seemed to be more reliable in providing a soft tissue diagnosis similar to lateral cephalometric radiography. Vertical soft tissue measurements meanwhile showed a little less correlation with the corresponding cephalometric values perhaps due to the low reproducibility of cranial base and mandibular landmarks.

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Reproducibility of Novel Soft-Tissue Landmarks on Three-Dimensional Human Facial Scan Images in Caucasian and Asian

Aesthetic Plastic Surgery ◽

10.1007/s00266-021-02642-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zhouxiao Li ◽

Riccardo Enzo Giunta ◽

Konstantin Frank ◽

Thilo Ludwig Schenck ◽

Konstantin Christoph Koban

Keyword(s):

Soft Tissue ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Reference Points ◽

Full Description ◽

Surface Imaging ◽

Facial Soft Tissue ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Facial Region ◽

And Gender

Abstract Background Three-dimensional surface imaging is established in many disciplines for objective facial acquisition regarding anthropometry. Former studies addressed the validation of landmark-based measurements for single race. In order to distinguish racial difference, the reproducibility of the landmark measurements must first be validated. Objectives Our purpose is to validate the reproducibility of 46 facial soft-tissue landmarks on x, y, z axes to prove their reliability as 3D reference points. Methods The study included 80 European Caucasian and 80 Chinese volunteers. Standardized 3D surface imaging was performed using Vectra 3D system. Two raters identified and defined 46 landmarks (138 coordinates), then repeatedly 3D-imaged volunteers' facial region in separate sessions. Coordinates' reproducibility of landmarks is divided into three categories (< 0.5 mm, < 1 mm, and >1 mm) for intra- and inter-rater reproducibility assessments. Results Coordinates' reproducibility of 160 samples was distributed as follows: Intra-rater: < 0.5 mm (45%), < 1 mm (42%), >1 mm (13%); inter-rater: < 0.5 mm (31.2%), < 1 mm (42%), > 1 mm (26.8%). The reproducibility of landmarks in nasal tip region differs slightly between Caucasians and Asians. Compared to females, males typically have higher landmark reproducibility in lip and chin region. However, there were no differences in the reproducibility ranking of landmarks by gender. Conclusion The majority of the 46 landmarks in the 3D plane are reproducible to 1 mm, which is clinically acceptable. All selected landmarks showed strong consistency across race and gender, suggesting their potential use as reference points in prospective clinical practice. Level of Evidence IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

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Differences in Angular Photogrammetric Soft-Tissue Facial Characteristics among Parents and Their Offspring

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina55050197 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 55 (5) ◽

pp. 197

Author(s):

Gordana Lj. Filipović ◽

Nikola M. Stojanović ◽

Ivan D. Jovanović ◽

Pavle J. Randjelović ◽

Ivan R. Ilić ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soft Tissue ◽

Female Offspring ◽

Facial Soft Tissue ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Facial Profile ◽

Angular Measurements ◽

And Gender ◽

Tissue Characteristics ◽

Imagej Software ◽

One Way Anova

Background and objectives: The objective of this study was to determine if the angular photogrammetric analysis of soft-tissue characteristics can determine similarities between parents and their offspring in the Serbian population. Materials and Methods: A total of 15 families (52 participants) met the participation criteria of this study and their facial profile images were analyzed using the ImageJ software. Subjects were divided into groups of mothers and fathers and four groups of children (divided according to their age and gender). In total, twelve angular measurements were made on the standardized digital images of the profiles of the participants and the obtained data were compared using one-way ANOVA. Results: The obtained results showed that there were statistically significant differences in the values of the nasal and cervicomental angles, as well as the angle of the total facial convexity, between the group of fathers, on one side, and groups of male/female children, on the other. Conclusions: This work represents the first photogrammetric analysis of facial soft-tissue characteristics of children and adults in the Serbian population. The data suggest that there are much more similarities between the facial soft-tissue angles of fathers and their male offspring. Furthermore, mothers tend to have statistically insignificant differences in angle sizes, compared to both male and female offspring.

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Comparison of 3D Scanning Versus 2D Photography for the Identification of Facial Soft-Tissue Landmarks

The Open Dentistry Journal ◽

10.2174/1874210601812010061 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 61-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

T. Zogheib ◽

R. Jacobs ◽

M. M. Bornstein ◽

J. O. Agbaje ◽

D. Anumendem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soft Tissue ◽

Treatment Plan ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Digital Data ◽

Facial Soft Tissue ◽

3D Images ◽

Dentofacial Deformities ◽

Angular Measurements ◽

Facial Scanning ◽

2D And 3D

Background: Three dimensional facial scanning is an innovation that provides opportunity for digital data acquisition, smile analysis and communication of treatment plan and outcome with patients. Objectives: To assess the applicability of 3D facial scanning as compared to 2D clinical photography. Materials & Methods: Sample consisted of thirty Caucasians aged between 25 and 50 years old, without any dentofacial deformities. Fifteen soft-tissue facial landmarks were identified twice by 3 observers on 2D and 3D images of the 30 subjects. Five linear proportions and nine angular measurements were established in the orbital, nasal and oral regions. These data were compared to anthropometric norms of young Caucasians. Furthermore, a questionnaire was completed by 14 other observers, according to their personal judgment of the 2D and 3D images. Results: Quantitatively, proportions linking the three facial regions in 3D were closer to the clinical standard (for 2D 3.3% and for 3D 1.8% error rate). Qualitatively, in 67% of the cases, observers were as confident about 3D as they were about 2D. Intra-observer Correlation Coefficient (ICC) revealed a better agreement between observers in 3D for the questions related to facial form, lip step and chin posture. Conclusion: The laser facial scanning could be a useful and reliable tool to analyze the circumoral region for orthodontic and orthognathic treatments as well as for plastic surgery planning and outcome.

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Photographic Facial Soft Tissue Analysis by Means of Linear and Angular Measurements in an Adolescent Persian Population

The Open Dentistry Journal ◽

10.2174/1874210601509010346 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 346-356 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Vahid Moshkelgosha ◽

Sheida Fathinejad ◽

Zeinab Pakizeh ◽

Mohammad Shamsa ◽

Ali Golkari

Keyword(s):

High School Students ◽

Sexual Dimorphism ◽

Soft Tissue ◽

Computer Software ◽

Facial Soft Tissue ◽

School Students ◽

Angular Measurements ◽

Mouth Width ◽

Student’S T ◽

Student’S T Test

Objective : To obtain objective average measurements of the profile and frontal facial soft tissue to be used as a guide for aesthetic treatment goals. Methods and Materials : This observational study included 110 females and 130 males high school students aged 16-18 years. None of the subjects had any facial deformities. All of them and their parents gave consent to take part in this study. In each case, two standard photographs of profile and frontal views were taken 27 landmarks were digitized on photographs. The mean, standard deviation, and range for a total of 43 facial indices were calculated digitally by computer software. The Student’s t-test was used to compare males and females. Results : The ratio between the lower and middle facial thirds was one to one, but the height of the upper facial third was proportionally smaller than the other two-thirds in both sexes. Boys had greater nasal length, depth, and prominence than girls with statistically significant differences. Both upper and lower lips were more prominent in girls than in boys. All measurements of the chin showed sexual dimorphism characterized by greater chin height and prominence and deeper mentolabial sulcus. Boys had greater facial dimensions than girls. Mouth width, nasal base width, and intercanthal distance were significantly greater in boys. Conclusion : The labial, nasal, and chin areas showed sexual dimorphism in most of the parameters used in this study. Boys had larger faces, greater facial heights, longer nasal, labial, and chin lengths, and greater nasal, labial, and chin prominence.

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Preliminary assessment of facial soft tissue thickness utilizing three-dimensional computed tomography models of living individuals

Forensic Science International ◽

10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.12.043 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 237 ◽

pp. 146.e1-146.e10 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Connie L. Parks ◽

Adam H. Richard ◽

Keith L. Monson

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Soft Tissue ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Tissue Thickness ◽

Preliminary Assessment ◽

Facial Soft Tissue ◽

Soft Tissue Thickness

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Three-Dimensional Analysis Techniques—Part 1: Three-Dimensional Soft-Tissue Analysis of 24 Adult Cleft Palate Patients following Le Fort I Maxillary Advancement: A Preliminary Report

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal ◽

10.1597/1545-1569_1997_034_0036_tdatpt_2.3.co_2 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 36-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Andrew M. Mccance ◽

James P. Moss ◽

W. Rick Fright ◽

Alf D. Linney ◽

David R. James

Keyword(s):

Soft Tissue ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Tissue Analysis ◽

Facial Soft Tissue ◽

Le Fort ◽

Analysis Techniques ◽

Tissue Changes ◽

Soft Tissue Changes ◽

Le Fort I

The three-dimensional, facial soft-tissue changes of 24 patients with various cleft types following transpalatal Le Fort I osteotomy were measured using laser scanning techniques, radial measurements, and a color millimetric scale. There was a varying degree of midface retrusion in the different cleft groups, and a very similar pattern of retrusion over the nasal complex. Each group of patients showed a varying degree of relapse postsurgically, but there was a failure in all the cleft groups to correct the lack of nasal projection.

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