scholarly journals CommutativeC⁎-Algebras of Toeplitz Operators via the Moment Map on the Polydisk

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Mauricio Hernández-Marroquin ◽  
Armando Sánchez-Nungaray ◽  
Luis Alfredo Dupont-García

We found that in the polydiskDnthere exist(n+1)(n+2)/2different classes of commutativeC⁎-algebras generated by Toeplitz operators whose symbols are invariant under the action of maximal Abelian subgroups of biholomorphisms. On the other hand, using the moment map associated with each (not necessary maximal) Abelian subgroup of biholomorphism we introduced a family of symbols given by the moment map such that theC⁎-algebra generated by Toeplitz operators with this kind of symbol is commutative. Thus we relate to each Abelian subgroup of biholomorphisms a commutativeC⁎-algebra of Toeplitz operators.

1969 ◽  
pp. 125-145
Author(s):  
Yüki Mukai

Japanese final particles (shüjoshi) are situated at a modus (modality) layer, which expresses the speaker’s subjective attitude regarding the dictum (proposition) such as his judgement, supposition, volition, emotion and order. The speaker uses the final particle yo to express an assertive attitude generally when he introduces new information to which he wants the addressee to pay attention. On the other hand, the speaker uses a final particle ne, expecting the addressee to agree with him or in order to make his utterance roundabout, introducing given/old information. However, the speaker’s choice of yo or ne depends not only on the informational structure of discourse, but also on the human relationship or on the strategy used by that speaker in the moment of his utterance.


2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Lisiane Beatriz Fröhlich ◽  
Jonathan Iovane De Lemos

RESUMOO presente estudo tem como objetivo geral compreender em qual dos planos dos atos processuais – existência, validade ou eficácia – reside o defeito que acomete a sentença de mérito prolatada com a preterição do(s) litisconsorte(s) necessário(s) unitário(s). A partir dos resultados obtidos com a pesquisa, constatou-se que, para o alcance de uma conclusão satisfatória a seu respeito, é imprescindível a verificação do momento em que é alegada a preterição do(s) litisconsorte(s) necessário(s) unitário(s). Assim, concluiu-se que, na eventualidade de a alegação ocorrer anteriormente ao trânsito em julgado, o defeito estará situado no plano da validade, tratando-se de uma nulidade absoluta. Por outro lado, após o trânsito em julgado, o que remanesce é o vício no plano da eficácia. Dessa forma, observa-se que a atual legislação processual civil não é incorreta, mas incompleta e carente de precisão. Isso porque, apesar da superlativa importância da definição do momento em que se está analisando o vício, o Código de Processo Civil de 2015 é omisso com relação a esse aspecto, potencializando as dúvidas a respeito do tema. Por fim, verificou-se que, devido à gravidade do defeito que acomete essa sentença – oriunda, sobretudo, da ofensa aos princípios constitucionais –, é possível que qualquer interessado o alegue. Além disso, pelos mesmos motivos, as vias processuais admissíveis para combater esse vício são variadas, podendo ser manejada a ação rescisória, a impugnação ao cumprimento de sentença, a querela nullitatis insanabilis ou, ainda, qualquer outro meio idôneo e compatível com a situação concreta.Palavras-chave: Litisconsórcio necessário unitário. Sentença de mérito. Inexistência. Invalidade. Ineficácia. ABSTRACTThe purpose of the present study is to understand in which of the plans of procedural acts – existence, validity or efficacy – is situated the defect that affects the judgment of merit prolated with the pretermission of the necessary unitary collegitimate. From the results obtained with the research, it was verified that, in order to arrive at a satisfactory conclusion about it, it is essential to verify the moment when is alleged the omission of the necessary unitary collegitimate. Thus, it was concluded that, if the claim occurs before it is formed the res judicata, the defect is situated in the validity plan, being an absolute nullity. On the other hand, after the res judicata is formed, what remains is the inefficacy. Therefore, it was verified that the current civil procedural law is not incorrect, but incomplete and lacking precision. This is because, in spite of the superlative importance of defining which moment the defect is being analyzed, the Brazilian Civil Procedure Code of 2015 do not consider this aspect, potentializing doubts about the issue. Finally, it was discovered that, because of the severity of the defect that affects this veredict – originated, principally, from the offense to the constitutional principles – it is possible that any interested subject of the process can claim it. Besides that, for the same reasons, it is admitted the use of several procedural means to combat this decision, like the rescissory action, the enforcement’s impugnment of the judgment, the querela nullitatis insanabilis or any other suitable procedural means and compatible with the specific situation.Keywords: Necessary unitary joinder of parties. Judgment of merit. Inexistence. Invalidity. Inefficacy.


2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 4196-4200 ◽  

The line of business carried out by the pawnshop company is always experiencing growth. At the moment, it does not only provide facilities for lending money guaranteed by pawnshop but also includes other activities, one of which is a credit facility with fiduciary collateral. This fiduciary loan is intended to help Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises to obtain financing easily and quickly. This fiduciary guarantee benefits the creditors, because it can provide confidence that the debt will be repaid by the debtor in accordance with the agreement. On the other hand the giver guarantees the benefits of getting financing and can still use collateral. However, the use of fiduciary guarantees at the pawnshop company raises problems in practice. Among other things, there are differences in the principle between pawning with fiduciary collateral and fiduciary collateral execution if the debtor defaults.


Author(s):  
Carolina Lacerda Medeiros

<p><strong>Resumo:</strong> A literatura que discute a sintaxe do verbo nas línguas naturais em geral assume que as línguas V2 são aquelas em que o verbo flexionado ocupa a segunda posição na sentença, sendo a primeira posição ocupada por qualquer outro elemento. O alemão, assim como outras línguas germânicas, é caracterizado como uma língua de tipo V2. O inglês, por outro lado, não apresenta a ordenação de constituintes segundo a qual o verbo obrigatoriamente ocupa a segunda posição na sentença, tendo sido considerado uma língua V2 apenas em seu período arcaico. Este artigo procura fazer um breve estudo comparativo analisando a fala de duas crianças, uma adquirindo o alemão e uma adquirindo o inglês britânico, em diferentes momentos (1;9 até 3;3). Com base na tipologia de Vikner (1995) temos como objetivo verificar até que ponto as duas línguas se assemelham, no âmbito da sintaxe, e em que momento passam a se comportar como línguas distintas no que respeita à posição do verbo uma vez que, linearmente, o inglês apresenta o verbo em segunda posição nas sentenças simples. Como hipótese, temos que um ponto decisivo para a diferenciação das duas gramáticas seria a aquisição de encaixadas. Desse modo, a criança que adquire o alemão começaria a apresentar traços de uma gramática V2 a partir do momento em que adquire sentenças encaixadas, dado que, diferentemente do inglês, esta língua não apresenta verbo em segunda posição nas subordinadas. A criança adquirindo o inglês, por outro lado, mantém a ordem V2 linear nas encaixadas.  O <em>corpus </em>utilizado neste trabalho é oriundo da base CHILDES e pode ser acessado <em>online</em>. O quadro teórico se baseia na noção de Gramática de Chomsky (1985), convencionada como Língua-I, que remete à possibilidade de se gerarem estruturas linguísticas e não, por exemplo, a um certo inventário de estruturas. Tais possibilidades são limitadas pela Gramática Universal, parte das faculdades inatas do ser humano, que dispõe de princípios imutáveis e parâmetros que podem ser fixados diferentemente em gramáticas particulares, determinando, assim, os limites de variação entre essas gramáticas (Chomsky &amp; Lasnik 1993). Cada gramática particular, neste sentido, representa uma determinada parametrização dos princípios da Gramática Universal. A gramática do falante, na teoria gerativa, será, portanto, uma entidade individual: uma gramática particular internalizada na mente de cada indivíduo.</p><p><strong>Abstract:</strong> <em>The literature usually assumes that V2 languages are those in which the finite verb is on second position on the sentence, like it is in German. English, on the other hand, does not present the same linearization, so Vikner (1995) classified it as a residual V2-language. This paper aims to provide a comparative study analyzing the speech of two children, one acquiring German and the other acquiring European English, in different moments (1;9-3;3). Based on Vikner's typology, we try to verify how these two languages are syntactically alike and in which moment they begin to behave like different grammars, in what concern verb position, since, linearly, English also presents the verb in second position in matrix sentences. As a hypothesis, we believe that a crucial point in this differentiation would be the acquisition of subordinate sentences. In this sense, the child acquiring German would start presenting  V2 grammar traces on the moment s/he acquires subordinate sentences, since, unlike English, this grammar do not present V2 in subordinate structures. The child acquiring English, on the other hand, would maintain the V2 linearization on subordinate sentences. This work is based on the CHILDES corpus, which can be accessed online. The theoretic framework is based on Chomsky's (1985) notion of Grammar as I-Language, that refers to the possibility to generate language structures and not, for example, a certain inventory of structures. Those possibilities are limited by the Universal Grammar, part of human's innate faculties, that is formed by immutable principles and parameters that can be differently fixed by different particular grammars determining the limits of language variation between those grammars. In this sense, each particular grammar represents a different parametrization of the Universal Grammar's principles. Each speaker's grammar, in this sense, will be an individual entity: a particular grammar internalized in the individual's mind</em><em>.</em></p><p>Keywords: <em>Language Acquisition; V2; Comparative Syntax; Generative Grammar.</em></p><p> </p>


2017 ◽  
pp. 251-263
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Smaga

A digital communiqué operates with GUI not to depict, describe or structure the meanings but, above all, to transfer them. At the moment of clicking, that is, when a specific question is being asked by the user (customer), specific semiotically varied content is downloaded and displayed on the screen in accordance with the pre-designed, graphic template. Thus, graphical interface treats writing and image on the one hand as heterogeneous units – stored in databases, in a way that makes them quick and easy to find; on the other hand – heteronomous, that is, affecting each other at the level of presentation and manipulation of the message. Graphical edition skillfully combines the expectations of recipients concerning the access to the message: on the one hand – precise (along the lines of the language), on the other – economic, reducing (iconic), and it merges in this way two structures of reception, considered in our culture to be different. Pragmatic functionality of digital message is understood as accurate and synthetic mediation, which results in further analogous features from the level of semiotics and semantics, where the highlighted three planes of the communiqué circulate in the feedback loop.


1963 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-130
Author(s):  
R. Sri Pathmanathan

Having been associated with a recent production of Euripides' Cyclops in the original Greek at Ibadan, I feel prompted to reply to Peter Arnott's charges against Euripides' adaptation of the well-known episode in Homer's Odyssey, ix. We know very little about the origin and nature of satyric drama, and it seems unfair to discuss the structure of the Cyclops on a priori grounds or to compare it with the form of Greek tragedy. We do not subject Old Comedy to this kind of treatment because we are aware in this case of the dissimilar elements which came together to produce the disjointed articulation that Old Comedy displays. It may well be that ‘the pattern of decline’ in the composition of the choruses and episodes noted by Arnott is not the result of hasty composition and overwork but is merely indicative of a looser structure allowed by the conventions of the satyr play. On the other hand, the intervention of the chorus in the Cyclops is always eminently dramatic— not too long-drawn-out or too brief—and gives a life and impetus to the play which modern audiences, unfamiliar with the choral tradition of Greek tragedy, miss in more regularly constructed plays. The ‘miserable couplet’ which serves as exodos is not unparalleled even in tragedy, although the iambics in place of the more usual anapaests are certainly unexpected. In general, the choral odes are admirably suited to the grotesque personalities of the satyrs; they include two haunting lyrics, lines 495–502 and 511–18 (unfortunately somewhat mutilated) which rank in rhythm and imagery with some of the best of Euripides, and at the moment of greatest tension, in the third and fourth stasima, are commendably brief and onomatopoeic.


Author(s):  
Naomi Leite

This chapter focuses on the desires and conceptual frameworks that led the urban Marranos and foreign Jews to each other and through which they made sense of each other's presence and actions. Most forms of direct tourist–toured interaction studied by anthropologists occur within highly mediated contexts that emphasize difference. Among Marranos and their foreign visitors, on the other hand, there was a shared assumption of fundamental commonality, communicative transparency, and goodwill that resulted in surprisingly informal exchanges. However, beneath the appearance of mutual understanding and even emotional intimacy, culturally distinct structures of reasoning led to continual partial misunderstanding, or communicative slippage, both in the moment of encounter and after. And yet far from causing discord, it was precisely that slippage that enabled their interactions to work smoothly.


1971 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Dixon

Our aim is to present some global results about the set of maximal abelian subgroups of the symmetric group Sn. We shall show that certain properties are true for “almost all” subgroups of this set in the sense that the proportion of subgroups which have these properties tends to 1 as n → ∞. In this context we consider the order and the number of orbits of a maximal abelian subgroup and the number of generators which the group requires.Earlier results of this kind may be found in the papers [1; 2; 3; 4; 5]; the papers of Erdös and Turán deal with properties of the set of elements of Sn. The present work arose out of a conversation with Professor Turán who posed the general problem: given a specific class of subgroups (e.g., the abelian subgroups or the solvable subgroups) of Sn, what kind of properties hold for almost all subgroups of the class?


Author(s):  
Laurent Labrecque

ABSTRACTWomen who have returned to the labour force after the departure of their children from home or the death of their husband have a lower level of social relationships at the moment of their 'retirement. Thus, they tend to increase these relationships to a higher level than the remainder of the female population, including those who had worked outside the home all their lives. On the other hand, while sociocconomic status which is defined by the characteristics of the deceased husband is bound to favour traditional relationships (with kin and children), a status defined by the characteristics of the woman herself tends to favour relationships with friends and memberships in associations.


2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Shotter

As living, embodied beings, communication begins in, and continues with, our living, spontaneous, expressive-responsive (gestural), bodily activities that occur in the meetings between ourselves and the others and othenesses around us. It is by our 1st-person expressions that we influence the actions of others — our tellings are much more important than our reportings . Thus, as I see it, abstract and general theories are of little help to us in the unique living of our unique lives together, either as ordinary people, as professional practitioners, or as action researchers. On the other hand, however, the specific words of others, uttered as ‘reminders’ at a timely moments within an ongoing practice, drawing out attention to unnoticed features of the practice, can be a crucial influence in developing and refining it further. In this paper I distinguish between two kinds of speech/writing: ‘withness (dialogic)’ -talk and ‘aboutness (monologic)’ -talk . Crucial in this distinction is our spontaneous, expressive, living, bodily responsiveness. While monological aboutness-talk is unresponsive to the activities of the others around us, dialogical withness-talk is not. In being spontaneously responsive both to the expressions of others, as well as our own, as I show in the paper, it engenders in us both unique anticipations as to what-next might happen along with, so to speak, ‘action-guiding advisories’ as to what-next we might do — a feature that is of central relevance for action research.


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