Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Future Cardiovascular Risk: An Update

The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus is increasing in parallel with the rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes and obesity around the world. Current evidence strongly suggests that women who have had gestational diabetes mellitus are at greater risk of cardiovascular disease later in life. Given the growing prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus, it is important to identify appropriate reliable markers of cardiovascular disease and specific treatment strategies capable of containing obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome in order to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease in the women affected.

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The Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms19113342 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (11) ◽

pp. 3342 ◽

Cited By ~ 112

Author(s):

Jasmine Plows ◽

Joanna Stanley ◽

Philip Baker ◽

Clare Reynolds ◽

Mark Vickers

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽

Increased Risk

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a serious pregnancy complication, in which women without previously diagnosed diabetes develop chronic hyperglycemia during gestation. In most cases, this hyperglycemia is the result of impaired glucose tolerance due to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction on a background of chronic insulin resistance. Risk factors for GDM include overweight and obesity, advanced maternal age, and a family history or any form of diabetes. Consequences of GDM include increased risk of maternal cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes and macrosomia and birth complications in the infant. There is also a longer-term risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in the child. GDM affects approximately 16.5% of pregnancies worldwide, and this number is set to increase with the escalating obesity epidemic. While several management strategies exist—including insulin and lifestyle interventions—there is not yet a cure or an efficacious prevention strategy. One reason for this is that the molecular mechanisms underlying GDM are poorly defined. This review discusses what is known about the pathophysiology of GDM, and where there are gaps in the literature that warrant further exploration.

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Myo-inositol supplementation as a preventive consideration for gestational diabetes mellitus

Hellenic Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.33574/hjog.1935 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 45-50

Author(s):

George Asimakopoulos ◽

Panagiotis Antsaklis ◽

Mariana Theodora ◽

Michael Sindos ◽

Alexandros Rodolakis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Insulin Resistant ◽

Improve Insulin Resistance ◽

Prevalence Of Obesity ◽

Ovarian Syndrome

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as impaired glucose tolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy, which is characterized by increased insulin resistance. GDM affects about 10% of pregnancies and its prevalence is rising worldwide mainly due to the advancing maternal age and the increased prevalence of obesity. GDM is associated with pregnancy-related maternal and fetal morbidity (both antenatal and perinatal). Traditional treatments for the GDM include diet and, if it is necessary, insulin. However, the percentage of macrosomic newborns does not appear to be significantly reduced. Safe and effective preventive interventions are therefore, needed in an attempt to lower the incidence of gestational diabetes. Myo-inositol has been suggested to improve insulin resistance in women with insulin resistant syndromes such as GDM, polycystic ovarian syndrome, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Several studies report a significant decrease in GDM incidence in women at risk for GDM comparing to the placebo group. However, the option of myo-inositol supplementation needs to be further explored as the current evidence is relatively limited.

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GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS

Journal of Saidu Medical College, Swat ◽

10.52206/jsmc.2016.6.2.779-780 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 779-780

Author(s):

Aziz Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Type 2 Dm ◽

The World

The world is currently facing a global epidemicof Diabetes Mellitus (DM).WHO estimates thatpresently more than 418 million, about one inten adults people, are suffering from thismetabolic disorder worldwide and the projectedfigure for 2040 is exceeding 600 million,about70% in low-& middle income countries. Indiais the world capital with 50-60 million, followedby China with 45 million with largest age group40-59 years 1. Type 2 DM is the most commonform with incidence of 85-95%.

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Long-Term Metabolic Consequences in Patients with a History of Gestational Diabetes

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666201106092423 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (43) ◽

pp. 5564-5572

Author(s):

Eleni Kousta ◽

Adamantia Kontogeorgi ◽

Stephen Robinson ◽

Desmond G. Johnston

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Metabolic Complication ◽

History Of

Gestational diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic complication of pregnancy. Universal guidelines on gestational diabetes have been impeded by the long-term controversies on its definition and screening strategies. The prevalence of gestational diabetes is rising all over the world, is significantly influenced by ethnicity and its rise is mainly attributed to increasing maternal obesity and age. Gestational diabetes mellitus has important long-term implications, including gestational diabetes recurrence, increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease for the mother. Gestational diabetes mellitus may be viewed as a chronic metabolic disorder that is identified in women during gestation and may provide a unique opportunity for the early identification and primary prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease in these women. In this mini-review, the evolution of screening tests for gestational diabetes and guidelines are briefly described and metabolic and cardiovascular long-term consequences of women with a history of gestational diabetes are summarized. A summary of our own St. Mary’s Hospital-UK Research series on long-term metabolic consequences of 368 women with a history of gestational diabetes of 3 different ethnic groups and 482 control women is also included. We found that approximately 2 years following delivery, 37% of women with a history of gestational diabetes had abnormal glucose concentrations, but, most importantly, even those who were normoglycaemic, postpartum displayed metabolic abnormalities on detailed testing. Future research needs to focus on the prevention of gestational diabetes long-term complications, but also in identification of pre-pregnancy predictors and risk reduction before conception.

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Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Knowledge and Awareness

International Journal of Health Sciences and Research ◽

10.52403/ijhsr.20211117 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 134-137

Author(s):

Khushboo Singh Sisodiya ◽

Bharti Prakash

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Private Hospitals ◽

Major Public Health Issue ◽

Child Hospital ◽

First Time

Gestational diabetes mellitus is a disorder of glucose intolerance which occurs for the first time during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes mellitus is major public health issue which is increasing day by day all over the world. It leads to the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes and possibly adult cardiovascular disease in infant and increases rate of caesarean delivery and prenatal injury. This preliminary study is done to analyse the knowledge and awareness about GDM in antenatal women. Data were collected from government and private hospitals like Amrit Kaur Hospital, Shree maternity Child Hospital, Jain fertility Child ICU Hospital etc. Questionnaires were given to pregnant women who Visited hospitals for antenatal check up. A total no of 250 respondents were included in this study. Of total number of women only 52% were known to GDM. So the knowledge about GDM is average in women and most of the women gain this knowledge from their own experience. The study reveals that health program and camps should be organized to increase the knowledge about GDM. Key words: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Awareness, cardiovascular disease.

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