scholarly journals RLT Code Based Handshake-Free Reliable MAC Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiujuan Du ◽  
Keqin Li ◽  
Xiuxiu Liu ◽  
Yishan Su
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Propagation Delay ◽  
Small Degree ◽  
Underwater Sensor Networks ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Reliable Transmission ◽  
Underwater Acoustic Channels ◽  
End To End ◽  
Low Efficiency

The characteristics of underwater acoustic channels such as long propagation delay and low bit rate cause the medium access control (MAC) protocols designed for radio channels to either be inapplicable or have low efficiency for underwater sensor networks (UWSNs). Meanwhile, due to high bit error, conventional end-to-end reliable transfer solutions bring about too many retransmissions and are inefficient in UWSN. In this paper, we present a recursive LT (RLT) code. With small degree distribution and recursive encoding, RLT achieves reliable transmission hop-by-hop while reducing the complexity of encoding and decoding in UWSN. We further propose an RLT code based handshake-free (RCHF) reliable MAC protocol. In RCHF protocol, each node maintains a neighbor table including the field of state, and packages are forwarded according to the state of a receiver, which can avoid collisions of sending-receiving and overhearing. The transmission-avoidance time in RCHF decreases data-ACK collision dramatically. Without RTS/CTS handshaking, the RCHF protocol improves channel utilization while achieving reliable transmission. Simulation results show that, compared with the existing reliable data transport approaches for underwater networks, RCHF can improve network throughput while decreasing end-to-end overhead.

scholarly journals Packet Flow Based Reinforcement Learning MAC Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2284
Author(s):  
Ibrahim B. Alhassan ◽  
Paul D. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Propagation Delay ◽  
Basic Function ◽  
Acoustic Sensor ◽  
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Underwater Acoustic ◽  
Q Learning ◽  
Acoustic Sensor Networks

Medium access control (MAC) is one of the key requirements in underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs). For a MAC protocol to provide its basic function of efficient sharing of channel access, the highly dynamic underwater environment demands MAC protocols to be adaptive as well. Q-learning is one of the promising techniques employed in intelligent MAC protocol solutions, however, due to the long propagation delay, the performance of this approach is severely limited by reliance on an explicit reward signal to function. In this paper, we propose a restructured and a modified two stage Q-learning process to extract an implicit reward signal for a novel MAC protocol: Packet flow ALOHA with Q-learning (ALOHA-QUPAF). Based on a simulated pipeline monitoring chain network, results show that the protocol outperforms both ALOHA-Q and framed ALOHA by at least 13% and 148% in all simulated scenarios, respectively.

scholarly journals Receiver-Initiated Handshaking MAC Based on Traffic Estimation for Underwater Sensor Networks ‡

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 3895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Dong ◽  
Lina Pu ◽  
Yu Luo ◽  
Zheng Peng ◽  
Haining Mo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Propagation Delay ◽  
Mac Protocols ◽  
Underwater Sensor Networks ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
The Status ◽  
Efficient Data ◽  
Traffic Estimation ◽  
Delay Tolerant

In underwater sensor networks (UWSNs), the unique characteristics of acoustic channels have posed great challenges for the design of medium access control (MAC) protocols. The long propagation delay problem has been widely explored in recent literature. However, the long preamble problem with acoustic modems revealed in real experiments brings new challenges to underwater MAC design. The overhead of control messages in handshaking-based protocols becomes significant due to the long preamble in underwater acoustic modems. To address this problem, we advocate the receiver-initiated handshaking method with parallel reservation to improve the handshaking efficiency. Despite some existing works along this direction, the data polling problem is still an open issue. Without knowing the status of senders, the receiver faces two challenges for efficient data polling: when to poll data from the sender and how much data to request. In this paper, we propose a traffic estimation-based receiver-initiated MAC (TERI-MAC) to solve this problem with an adaptive approach. Data polling in TERI-MAC depends on an online approximation of traffic distribution. It estimates the energy efficiency and network latency and starts the data request only when the preferred performance can be achieved. TERI-MAC can achieve a stable energy efficiency with arbitrary network traffic patterns. For traffic estimation, we employ a resampling technique to keep a small computation and memory overhead. The performance of TERI-MAC in terms of energy efficiency, channel utilization, and communication latency is verified in simulations. Our results show that, compared with existing receiver-initiated-based underwater MAC protocols, TERI-MAC can achieve higher energy efficiency at the price of a delay penalty. This confirms the strength of TERI-MAC for delay-tolerant applications.

scholarly journals A MAC Protocol of Concurrent Scheduling Based on Spatial-Temporal Uncertainty for Underwater Sensor Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Xin Liu ◽  
Xiujuan Du ◽  
Meiju Li ◽  
Lijuan Wang ◽  
Chong Li
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Propagation Delay ◽  
Spatial Uncertainty ◽  
Underwater Sensor Networks ◽  
Temporal Uncertainty ◽  
Concurrent Scheduling ◽  
Time Division

Underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) are characterized by large energy consumption, limited power supply, low bit rate, and long propagation delay, as well as spatial-temporal uncertainty, which present both challenges and opportunities for media access control (MAC) protocol design. The time-division transmissions can effectively avoid collisions since different nodes transmit packets at different period of time. Nevertheless, in UWSNs with long propagation delay, in order to avoid collisions, the period of time is subject to be long enough, which results in poor channel utilization and low throughput. In view of the long and different propagation delay between a receiving node and multiple sending nodes in UWSNs, as long as there is no collision at the receiving node, multiple sending nodes can transmit packets simultaneously. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a MAC protocol of concurrent scheduling based on spatial-temporal uncertainty called CSSTU-MAC (concurrent scheduling based on spatial-temporal uncertainty MAC) for UWSNs. The CSSTU-MAC protocol utilizes the characteristics of temporal-spatial uncertainty as well as long propagation delay in UWSNs to achieve concurrent transmission and collision avoidance. Simulation results show that the CSSTU-MAC protocol outperforms the existing MAC protocol with time-division transmissions in terms of average energy consumption and network throughput.

scholarly journals An Efficient Scalable Scheduling MAC Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 2806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faisal Alfouzan ◽  
Alireza Shahrabi ◽  
Seyed Ghoreyshi ◽  
Tuleen Boutaleb
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Acoustic Waves ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Mac Protocols ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Underwater Sensor Networks ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Distributed Mac

Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) utilise acoustic waves with comparatively lower loss and longer range than those of electromagnetic waves. However, energy remains a challenging issue in addition to long latency, high bit error rate, and limited bandwidth. Thus, collision and retransmission should be efficiently handled at Medium Access Control (MAC) layer in order to reduce the energy cost and also to improve the throughput and fairness across the network. In this paper, we propose a new reservation-based distributed MAC protocol called ED-MAC, which employs a duty cycle mechanism to address the spatial-temporal uncertainty and the hidden node problem to effectively avoid collisions and retransmissions. ED-MAC is a conflict-free protocol, where each sensor schedules itself independently using local information. Hence, ED-MAC can guarantee conflict-free transmissions and receptions of data packets. Compared with other conflict-free MAC protocols, ED-MAC is distributed and more reliable, i.e., it schedules according to the priority of sensor nodes which based on their depth in the network. We then evaluate design choices and protocol performance through extensive simulation to study the load effects and network scalability in each protocol. The results show that ED-MAC outperforms the contention-based MAC protocols and achieves a significant improvement in terms of successful delivery ratio, throughput, energy consumption, and fairness under varying offered traffic and number of nodes.

A Cooperative MAC Scheduling Scheme for Underwater Sensor Networks

2013 ◽  
Vol 295-298 ◽  
pp. 903-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khoa Thi Minh Tran ◽  
Seung Hyun Oh
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Propagation Delay ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Media Access Control ◽  
Underwater Sensor Networks ◽  
Media Access ◽  
Acoustic Sensor Networks ◽  
Data Message ◽  
Cooperative Mac

The long propagation delay in underwater acoustic sensor networks renders existing media access control (MAC) protocols for terrestrial wireless networks undesirable. In this paper, we propose a new cooperative MAC protocol for underwater sensor networks that is used to detect objects and monitoring the environment. Our proposed MAC protocol tries to prevent data collisions through short term scheduling among neighbor nodes with exchange of short data message. By adapting the all sensor nodes to the transmitting schedules in which time is optimized we can minimize the collision rate between nodes. Through simulations, we show our proposed protocol can minimize data collisions and not only offers a higher throughput, but also indicates a better end-to-end delay.

Security based on Received Signal Strength in Localization for Underwater Sensor Networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Karamjeet Kaur ◽  
Gianetan Singh Sekhon
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Underwater Sensor Networks ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Malicious Nodes ◽  
Intermediate Node ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End

Underwater sensor networks are envisioned to enable a broad category of underwater applications such as pollution tracking, offshore exploration, and oil spilling. Such applications require precise location information as otherwise the sensed data might be meaningless. On the other hand, security critical issue as underwater sensor networks are typically deployed in harsh environments. Localization is one of the latest research subjects in UWSNs since many useful applying UWSNs, e.g., event detecting. Now day’s large number of localization methods arrived for UWSNs. However, few of them take place stability or security criteria. In purposed work taking up localization in underwater such that various wireless sensor nodes get localize to each other. RSS based localization technique used remove malicious nodes from the communication intermediate node list based on RSS threshold value. Purposed algorithm improves more throughput and less end to end delay without degrading energy dissipation at each node. The simulation is conducted in MATLAB and it suggests optimal result as comparison of end to end delay with and without malicious node.

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