scholarly journals Biosorption of Cadmium by Filamentous Fungi Isolated from Coastal Water and Sediments

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lebeth C. Manguilimotan ◽  
Jayzon G. Bitacura
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Coastal Water ◽  
Heavy Metal Contamination ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Isolate ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Potato Dextrose Broth ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Pure Cultures

The use of microorganisms in decontaminating the environment encumbered with heavy metal pollutants through biosorption is considered as a good option for bioremediation. This study was conducted to isolate Cadmium (Cd) tolerant fungi from coastal waters and sediments, compare their biosorption capabilities, and identify the isolates with the highest Cd uptake. Water and sediment samples were collected near the effluent sites of industrial belt in Ibo, Lapu-lapu City, Cebu, Philippines. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates containing Cd (25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm) were used to isolate Cd tolerant fungi from the samples. The distinct colonies that grew on the highest Cd concentration (100 ppm) were then isolated into pure cultures. The pure cultures of Cd tolerant fungi served as a source of inocula for in vitro biosorption assay using Cd dissolved in potato dextrose broth (PDB) as the substrate. Cd tolerant fungal isolates with the highest Cd uptake were finally identified up to the lowest possible taxon based on their colonial and microscopic characteristics. Most filamentous fungal colonies have grown most at the lower Cd concentrations and least at the higher concentrations. From the characteristics of the fungal growth on the plate with the highest Cd concentration, eight distinct colonies from both sediment and water samples were isolated into pure cultures. Among the eight fungal isolates, only three had significant Cd biosorption efficiency, these were fungal isolate 3 (13.87 %), fungal isolate 6 (11.46 %), and fungal isolate 4 (10.71 %). Two of them (fungal isolates 3 and 4) belong to genus Aspergillus while the other (fungal isolate 6) is a species of Penicillium. The results of this study showed that Cd tolerant fungi with biosorption capacity could be isolated from coastal water and sediments in the vicinity of areas suspected of heavy metal contamination.

scholarly journals Effective medium for in vitro sprouting of the buds and multiplication of the plantlets, and identification of the fungal contaminant associated with the explants of Gnetum

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 001-013
Author(s):  
Abwe Mercy Ngone ◽  
Lawrence Monah Ndam ◽  
Rita Mungfu Njilar ◽  
Doungous Oumar ◽  
Thomas Eku Njock
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Surface Sterilization ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Nodal Cuttings ◽  
Baseline Information

Plant tissue culture requires the optimization of growth media. Gnetum, known locally in Cameroon as “Eru” is an indigenous gymnospermous vegetable with diverse medicinal, nutritional, cultural and socio-economic values. This resource is over-exploited and expected to neighboring countries, resulting to increased scarcity in the forest. Preliminary work on the in vitro culture of nodal cuttings was faced by the problem of fungal contamination. It was therefore necessary to isolate and identify the fungal contaminant, optimize the surface sterilization of field material and compose an appropriate medium for sprouting. Pure cultures of the fungus were obtained and grown on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA). The identification was based on the appearance of the fungal growth on plates and also on the microscopic view. This was affected by the use of keys. Gnetum explants were disinfected with the various concentrations of disinfectants, preceded in some instances by pre-treatments, as well as incorporating fungicides in the culture medium. Two different culture media were employed: the Woody Plant Medium (WPM) and the Murashige and Skoog (MS) based establishment medium (Y-1). Gnetum was found to live in association with a complex of Microsporum species. The level of contamination of cultures was reduced from 100% to 40% when pre-treated before disinfection and even lower to 10% by incorporating fungicides in the medium. Sprouting was observed in WPM. This study provides baseline information on the in vitro propagation of Gnetum and thus opens up avenues for more research to be carried out in this field.

In vitrorumen fungi growth in a medium containing sodium hydroxide treated wheat straw using competitive PCR assay

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 174-174
Author(s):  
M H Sakhavati ◽  
T Mohammadabadi ◽  
M Danesh Mesgaran ◽  
M R Nassiry ◽  
A Fani Maleki
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Competitive Pcr ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Microbial Attachment

Rumen fungi produce a wide range of polysaccharide degrading enzymes during growth on cell walls and can degrade 0.25 -0.65 of plant tissue dry weight in pure cultures (Orpin, 1983). It has been proposed that sodium hydroxide may break-down hemicellulose and cellulose and expose them to microbial attachment and improve digestibility (Gotoet al., 1993). The aim of the present study was to determinein vitrorumen fungal growth using a quantitative competitive PCR assay (QC-PCR) and dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) disappearance from a medium containing untreated (US) or sodium hydroxide treated wheat straw (TS).

scholarly journals Inhibitory Effects of Stilbenes on the Growth of Three Soybean Pathogens in Culture

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (8) ◽  
pp. 843-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatoliy V. Lygin ◽  
Curtis B. Hill ◽  
Michelle Pawlowski ◽  
Olga V. Zernova ◽  
Jack M. Widholm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Potato Dextrose Broth ◽  
The Difference

The effects of resveratrol and pterostilbene on in vitro growth of three soybean pathogens were tested to determine whether these stilbenic compounds could potentially be targets to increase innate resistance in transgenic soybean plants. Growth of Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was measured on solid and in liquid media amended with resveratrol and pterostilbene (concentration in the media of resveratrol at 100 μg/ml and pterostilbene at 25 μg/ml). All three fungi were very sensitive to pterostilbene in potato dextrose agar (PDA), which reduced colony area of each of the three pathogens to less than half of the control 3 days after incubation. The three fungal pathogens were less sensitive to resveratrol compared with pterostilbene; however, area under the curve (AUC) calculated from colony areas measured over 3 days was significantly (P < 0.05) less than the control for S. sclerotiorum and R. solani on PDA with resveratrol or pterostilbene. AUC for M. phaseolina on PDA with pterostilbene was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the control whereas, on PDA with resveratrol, AUC for M. phaseolina was lower than the control but the difference was nonsignificant (P > 0.05). AUC for all three fungi was significantly lower (P < 0.05) on PDA with pterostilbene than with resveratrol. In potato dextrose broth (PDB) shake cultures, AUC for all three fungi was significantly (P < 0.01) lower in pterostilbene than in the control. AUC for R. solani and S. sclerotiorum was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in resveratrol than the control, whereas AUC for M. phaseolina in resveratrol was lower, but not significantly (P > 0.05) different from the control. AUC in pterostilbene was highly significantly (P < 0.01) lower than in resveratrol for M. phaseolina and significantly (P < 0.05) lower for R. solani but the difference for S. sclerotiorum was nonsignificant (P > 0.05). There was a trend for lower mass accumulation of all three fungi in either pterostilbene or resveratrol compared with the control during the course of the experiment; however, S. sclerotiorum appeared to recover from the effects of pterostilbene between days 2 and 4. Results of biochemical analyses of the PDB over time indicated that the three fungi degraded resveratrol, with nearly 75% reduction in concentration in M. phaseolina, 80% in S. sclerotiorum, and 60% in R. solani PDB cultures by day 4 of fungal growth. M. phaseolina and S. sclerotiorum were able to resume growth after early inhibition by resveratrol after its concentration was reduced in the cultures through degradation, whereas R. solani was less efficient in resveratrol degradation and was not able to overcome its inhibitory effects on growth. The capacity to degrade pterostilbene was lowest in M. phaseolina compared with S. sclerotiorum and R. solani and the recovery of M. phaseolina cultures after initial growth inhibition by pterostilbene was minimal. The potential products of resveratrol and pterostilbene degradation by fungi were identified to be dimers and various oxidation products.

The ability of fungal isolates from human lung aspergilloma to produce mycotoxins

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Pepeljnjak ◽  
Z Slobodnjak ◽  
M Šegvić ◽  
M Peraica ◽  
M Pavlović
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Human Lung ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Pulmonary Aspergilloma ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
Layer Chromatography

This study included 11 adult patients (seven men and four women) who had been surgically treated for pulmonary aspergilloma in the Republic of Croatia within two years. Mycological analysis was positive for Aspergillus genus in five samples of surgically removed tissue. A. fumigatus was isolated in three and A. versicolor in two samples. Their mycotoxigenic potency was determined by thin layer chromatography. A. fumigatusstrains were found to produce aflatoxin B1 (AFB), and two of them aflatoxin G1. A. versicolor strains produced AFB1 and sterigmatocystin. Neither isolated Aspergillus strain produced aflatoxin G2 or ochratoxin A. Fungal growth and production of mycotoxins are the consequences of interaction of fungus, host and environment. One has also to take into consideration that the production of mycotoxins in vitro does not reflect what these fungi may produce in human organisms.

scholarly journals Biotechnical control of tar spot (Rhytisma acerinum) disease on velvet maple (Acer velutinum Boiss) in vitro

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 330-335
Author(s):  
S.M. Karami ◽  
M.R. Kavosi ◽  
G. Hajizadeh ◽  
H. Jalilvand
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Spore ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Growth Coefficient ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tar Spot ◽  
Pure Cultures

Several different fungi can cause tar leaf spot diseases in maple trees, including three fungi of the genus Rhytisma. Rhytisma acerinum (Pers.) Fries is an ascomycete that forms black stromata known as tar spot on the adaxial surface of the leaves of Acer species. The tar spot (R. acerinum) disease has been increasing in incidence and severity in maples of Hyrcanian forests, northern Iran, in recent years. One of the best ways to manage infestations by R. acerinum is through adequate biotechnical techniques. The isolation of fungal spore colonies was evaluated using different dosages of Oxywet 10% (50, 100, 200, 500 &micro;l), Gentamicin 5% (100, 200, 400; 1,000 &micro;l), and Amoxicillin antibiotics 20% (25, 50, 100, 250 &micro;l) in 100 ml of distilled water in each treatment. All possible combinations of single doses were applied using light and dark treatments. In light conditions, it appears that the Oxywet (200 &micro;l) had the significant effect on controlling R. acerinum. Reduced fungal growth, coefficient and inhibition of fungal growth were observed in the light treatment. The other antibiotics (Gentamicin, Amoxicillin) were not so effective in controlling this pathogen. Results of spore germination showed a significant difference between all treatments. All treatments were tested in pure cultures in the laboratory only. The results obtained cannot be expected of the same effectiveness in open field trials. &nbsp;

scholarly journals Understanding Potential Heavy Metal Contamination, Absorption, Translocation and Accumulation in Rice and Human Health Risks

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1070
Author(s):  
Zuliana Zakaria ◽  
Nur Syahirah Zulkafflee ◽  
Nurul Adillah Mohd Redzuan ◽  
Jinap Selamat ◽  
Mohd Razi Ismail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Paddy Soil ◽  
Metal Contamination ◽  
Heavy Metal Contamination ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Metal Exposure ◽  
Anthropogenic Contamination

Rice is a worldwide staple food and heavy metal contamination is often reported in rice production. Heavy metal can originate from natural sources or be present through anthropogenic contamination. Therefore, this review summarizes the current status of heavy metal contamination in paddy soil and plants, highlighting the mechanism of uptake, bioaccumulation, and health risk assessment. A scoping search employing Google Scholar, Science Direct, Research Gate, Scopus, and Wiley Online was carried out to build up the review using the following keywords: heavy metals, absorption, translocation, accumulation, uptake, biotransformation, rice, and human risk with no restrictions being placed on the year of study. Cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and lead (Pb) have been identified as the most prevalent metals in rice cultivation. Mining and irrigation activities are primary sources, but chemical fertilizer and pesticide usage also contribute to heavy metal contamination of paddy soil worldwide. Further to their adverse effect on the paddy ecosystem by reducing the soil fertility and grain yield, heavy metal contamination represents a risk to human health. An in-depth discussion is further offered on health risk assessments by quantitative measurement to identify potential risk towards heavy metal exposure via rice consumption, which consisted of in vitro digestion models through a vital ingestion portion of rice.

scholarly journals Field Survey and Fungicide Screening of Fungal Pathogens of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) Fruit Rot in Hawaii

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 730-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Keith ◽  
Tracie Matsumoto ◽  
Kate Nishijima ◽  
Marisa Wall ◽  
Mike Nagao
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Nephelium Lappaceum

Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.) is a tropical fruit in Hawaii that has increased in value in the niche market of exotic fruits. The primary limitation to preharvest and postharvest quality is the occurrence of fungal diseases of the fruit. A survey of rambutan disease was conducted at orchards 9.7 km south and 29.0 km north of Hilo, HI, to determine the main fungal pathogens affecting preharvest fruit quality. Pericarp of rambutan fruit revealed brown to black lesions that progressed to blackening and drying of the fruit with some fruits becoming totally mummified. Four fungi consistently isolated from symptomatic fruit included Lasmenia, Pestalotiopsis, Phomopsis, and Colletotrichum spp. Over the 2-year sampling period, disease incidence from more than 300 fruits sampled was 84.6%. Nine rambutan cultivars were evaluated for disease incidence under field conditions. Disease incidence was greater than 90% for ‘Sitangku’ and ‘R167’ but less than 60% for ‘Chompoo’. Twelve fungal isolates from infected fruit were selected for further characterization (six Lasmenia isolates and two isolates each of Pestalotiopsis, Phomopsis, and Colletotrichum). Morphology, colony characteristics, and pathogenicity of the isolates were examined. The optimum growth temperature for all fungal isolates ranged between 22 and 28 °C. Molecular methods were used to confirm the identity of the fungi. The fungal isolates were evaluated for in vitro baseline sensitivities for mycelial growth for fungicides registered for use in Hawaii (Abound® and Trilogy®). Abound® was more effective at inhibiting fungal growth than was Trilogy®; however, efficacy appeared to be influenced by fungal genera. Inhibition of fungal growth by Abound® ranged from a 76% reduction for Lasmenia to a 23% reduction for Phomopsis isolates.

scholarly journals The Effect of Fertilization and Mycorrhiza on Cadmium Uptake by Tobacco

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 244-247
Author(s):  
M Janouskova ◽  
N Lugon-Moulin ◽  
F Martin ◽  
M Vosatka
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Solution Treatment ◽  
Fungal Isolate ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Root Colonisation ◽  
Tobacco Leaves ◽  
Slow Release Fertilizer ◽  
Fungal Isolates

AbstractThe effect of fertilization and arbuscularmycorrhiza (AM) on cadmium (Cd) uptake by tobacco (Nicotianatabacum L.) was studied in a greenhouse pot experiment. Two tobacco varieties and five AM fungal isolates were included in this study. Each combination of tobacco variety × AM fungal isolate was compared in two fertilization treatments: a nutrient solution and a slow-release fertilizer. Unexpectedly, root colonisation levels were low for most treatments. They were lower in the treatments having received the slow-release fertilizer than in the treatments with the nutrient solution. Inoculation with two AM fungal isolates led to a significant reduction of the Cd concentration in tobacco leaves. However, the main outcome of this study was the important effect of the fertilization regime on the Cd concentration of tobacco leaves. For one variety, Cd concentration was decreased by 48-58% in the slow-release fertilizer treatment when compared to the nutrient solution treatment. The effect of the fertilization regime on leaf Cd concentration was thus clearly more pronounced than that of AM. Similar results were obtained for the other variety, although the decrease was less pronounced.

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