scholarly journals Inhibitory Effects of Stilbenes on the Growth of Three Soybean Pathogens in Culture

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (8) ◽  
pp. 843-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatoliy V. Lygin ◽  
Curtis B. Hill ◽  
Michelle Pawlowski ◽  
Olga V. Zernova ◽  
Jack M. Widholm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Potato Dextrose Broth ◽  
The Difference

The effects of resveratrol and pterostilbene on in vitro growth of three soybean pathogens were tested to determine whether these stilbenic compounds could potentially be targets to increase innate resistance in transgenic soybean plants. Growth of Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was measured on solid and in liquid media amended with resveratrol and pterostilbene (concentration in the media of resveratrol at 100 μg/ml and pterostilbene at 25 μg/ml). All three fungi were very sensitive to pterostilbene in potato dextrose agar (PDA), which reduced colony area of each of the three pathogens to less than half of the control 3 days after incubation. The three fungal pathogens were less sensitive to resveratrol compared with pterostilbene; however, area under the curve (AUC) calculated from colony areas measured over 3 days was significantly (P < 0.05) less than the control for S. sclerotiorum and R. solani on PDA with resveratrol or pterostilbene. AUC for M. phaseolina on PDA with pterostilbene was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the control whereas, on PDA with resveratrol, AUC for M. phaseolina was lower than the control but the difference was nonsignificant (P > 0.05). AUC for all three fungi was significantly lower (P < 0.05) on PDA with pterostilbene than with resveratrol. In potato dextrose broth (PDB) shake cultures, AUC for all three fungi was significantly (P < 0.01) lower in pterostilbene than in the control. AUC for R. solani and S. sclerotiorum was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in resveratrol than the control, whereas AUC for M. phaseolina in resveratrol was lower, but not significantly (P > 0.05) different from the control. AUC in pterostilbene was highly significantly (P < 0.01) lower than in resveratrol for M. phaseolina and significantly (P < 0.05) lower for R. solani but the difference for S. sclerotiorum was nonsignificant (P > 0.05). There was a trend for lower mass accumulation of all three fungi in either pterostilbene or resveratrol compared with the control during the course of the experiment; however, S. sclerotiorum appeared to recover from the effects of pterostilbene between days 2 and 4. Results of biochemical analyses of the PDB over time indicated that the three fungi degraded resveratrol, with nearly 75% reduction in concentration in M. phaseolina, 80% in S. sclerotiorum, and 60% in R. solani PDB cultures by day 4 of fungal growth. M. phaseolina and S. sclerotiorum were able to resume growth after early inhibition by resveratrol after its concentration was reduced in the cultures through degradation, whereas R. solani was less efficient in resveratrol degradation and was not able to overcome its inhibitory effects on growth. The capacity to degrade pterostilbene was lowest in M. phaseolina compared with S. sclerotiorum and R. solani and the recovery of M. phaseolina cultures after initial growth inhibition by pterostilbene was minimal. The potential products of resveratrol and pterostilbene degradation by fungi were identified to be dimers and various oxidation products.

scholarly journals Biological control of soil borne cucumber diseases using green marine macroalgae

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa M. El-Sheekh ◽  
Ayman Y. Ahmed ◽  
Amira S. Soliman ◽  
Siham E. Abdel-Ghafour ◽  
Hassan M. Sobhy
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Chloroform Extract ◽  
Marine Macroalgae ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Algal Extracts

Abstract Background In this study, the potential of extracts and powders of green seaweeds, Ulva fasciata, and Enteromorpha flexuosa was evaluated as biocontrol against the pathogenic soil-borne fungi, Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium solani, infecting cucumber plants in Egypt. The antifungal activity of the algal extracts was evaluated in vitro against the pathogens mycelial fungal growth using five organic solvents. Results Obtained results indicated that mycelial growth inhibition was noticed with F. solani in all algal extracts tested. In M. phaseolina, all algal extracts did not inhibit the fungal growth but affected microsclerotia formation (the main source of the second infection). In the case of F. solani, the highest reduction (68.6%) was noticed, while the chloroform extract of U. fasciata inhibited the radial growth of F. solani to 2.5 cm when E. flexuosa inhibited the radial growth to 4.3 cm as compared with the control (8.0 cm). The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the infrared spectroscopy analyses revealed that iron-monocarbonyl, cyclononasiloxane, and their functional groups, including amine, ether, etc., might play a core role in the anti-fungal activity of the seaweed extracts used. Conclusion This work concluded that the macroalgae species with many unique antifungal properties components had an inhibitory effect against soil-borne cucumber diseases. The antimicrobial activity might be explored in the future in numerous diverse applications in agriculture and plant disease control, revealing their actions to control some plant fungal pathogens.

scholarly journals Advanced Quantification Methods To Improve the 18b Dormancy Model for Assessing the Activity of Tuberculosis Drugs In Vitro

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Pieterman ◽  
M. J. Sarink ◽  
C. Sala ◽  
S. T. Cole ◽  
J. E. M. de Steenwinkel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Development ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
Development Pipeline ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Kill

ABSTRACT One of the reasons for the lengthy tuberculosis (TB) treatment is the difficulty to treat the nonmultiplying mycobacterial subpopulation. In order to assess the ability of (new) TB drugs to target this subpopulation, we need to incorporate dormancy models in our preclinical drug development pipeline. In most available dormancy models, it takes a long time to create a dormant state, and it is difficult to identify and quantify this nonmultiplying condition. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis 18b strain might overcome some of these problems, because it is dependent on streptomycin for growth and becomes nonmultiplying after 10 days of streptomycin starvation but still can be cultured on streptomycin-supplemented culture plates. We developed our 18b dormancy time-kill kinetics model to assess the difference in the activity of isoniazid, rifampin, moxifloxacin, and bedaquiline against log-phase growth compared to the nonmultiplying M. tuberculosis subpopulation by CFU counting, including a novel area under the curve (AUC)-based approach as well as time-to-positivity (TTP) measurements. We observed that isoniazid and moxifloxacin were relatively more potent against replicating bacteria, while rifampin and high-dose bedaquiline were equally effective against both subpopulations. Moreover, the TTP data suggest that including a liquid culture-based method could be of additional value, as it identifies a specific mycobacterial subpopulation that is nonculturable on solid media. In conclusion, the results of our study underline that the time-kill kinetics 18b dormancy model in its current form is a useful tool to assess TB drug potency and thus has its place in the TB drug development pipeline.

scholarly journals In vitro interactions between primycin and different statins in their effects against some clinically important fungi

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ildikó Nyilasi ◽  
Sándor Kocsubé ◽  
Miklós Pesti ◽  
Gyöngyi Lukács ◽  
Tamás Papp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Rhizopus Oryzae ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Titration Method ◽  
Antifungal Activities ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogenic ◽  
The Given ◽  
In Vitro Interactions

The in vitro antifungal activities of primycin (PN) and various statins against some opportunistic pathogenic fungi were investigated. PN completely inhibited the growth of Candida albicans (MIC 64 μg ml−1) and Candida glabrata (MIC 32 μg ml−1), and was very effective against Paecilomyces variotii (MIC 2 μg ml−1), but had little effect on Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus or Rhizopus oryzae (MICs >64 μg ml−1). The fungi exhibited different degrees of sensitivity to the statins; fluvastatin (FLV) and simvastatin (SIM) exerted potent antifungal activities against a wide variety of clinically important fungal pathogens. Atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and lovastatin (LOV) had a slight effect against all fungal isolates tested, whereas pravastatin was completely ineffective. The in vitro interactions between PN and the different statins were investigated using a standard chequerboard titration method. When PN was combined with FLV, LOV or SIM, both synergistic and additive effects were observed. The extent of inhibition was higher when these compounds were applied together, and the concentrations of PN and the given statin needed to block fungal growth completely could be decreased by several dilution steps. Similar interactions were observed when the variability of the within-species sensitivities was investigated.

scholarly journals Bismuth-inhibitory effects on bacteria and stimulation of fungal growth in vitro

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sulaiman Ali Alharbi ◽  
Bassam H. Mashat ◽  
Naif Abdullah Al-Harbi ◽  
Milton Wainwright ◽  
Abeer S. Aloufi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Stimulation Of

scholarly journals Efficacy of Fungicides against Soil Borne and Grapevine Pathogens under In vitro Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 523-531
Author(s):  
Anjali Singh ◽  
◽  
Ratna U. Thosar ◽  
Vijayshree Chavan ◽  
Sujoy Saha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Grape Vine ◽  
Rhizoctonia Bataticola ◽  
Wide Range

In vitro bio-efficacy of the novel copper (NC101 and NCP102) and phosphonate (PN103 and PMN104) based fungicides against various soil borne and grape vine pathogens was evaluated at ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra, India during February - April 2021. The fungicides were screened against five bacterial pathogens viz. Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri, X. campestris pv. campestris, X. campestris pv. punicae, X. campestris pv. viticola and X. oryzae pv. oryzae and 10 fungal pathogens viz. Rhizoctonia bataticola, Sclerotium rolfsii, Cladosporium sp, Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Penicillium notatum, Magnaporthe oryzae, Fusarium oxysporium, Macrophomina phaseolina (Soyabean isolate) and Macrophomina phaseolina (Jute isolate) at different concentrations. Results indicated that among all the tested fungicides viz. NC101, NCP102, PN103 and PMN104, phosphonate based fungicides (PN103 and PMN104) were highly effective against bacterial isolates with zone of inhibition ranging between 8.75 - 31.12 mm in which X. campestris pv. viticola was found to express least inhibition zone. In case of pathogenic fungal isolates, similar trend was observed, most of the isolates showed cent percent inhibition at higher concentration of PN103 and PMN104. However Sclerotium rolfsii showed least or no inhibition when tested at different concentrations of fungicides. The chemicals exhibited wide range of inhibition and it was found to increase steadily with increase in concentrations of the test fungicides.

scholarly journals Quantitative Microplate-Based Growth Assay for Determination of Antifungal Susceptibility of Histoplasma capsulatum Yeasts

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 3286-3295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristie D. Goughenour ◽  
Joan-Miquel Balada-Llasat ◽  
Chad A. Rappleye
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Antifungal Susceptibility ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Invasive Fungal Disease ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Morphological Form ◽  
Content Type

Standardized methodologies for determining the antifungal susceptibility of fungal pathogens is central to the clinical management of invasive fungal disease. Yeast-form fungi can be tested using broth macrodilution and microdilution assays. Reference procedures exist forCandidaspecies andCryptococcusyeasts; however, no standardized methods have been developed for testing the antifungal susceptibility of yeast forms of the dimorphic systemic fungal pathogens. For the dimorphic fungal pathogenHistoplasma capsulatum, susceptibility to echinocandins differs for the yeast and the filamentous forms, which highlights the need to employHistoplasmayeasts, not hyphae, in antifungal susceptibility tests. To address this, we developed and optimized methodology for the 96-well microtiter plate-based measurement ofHistoplasmayeast growthin vitro. Using optical density, the assay is quantitative for fungal growth with a dynamic range greater than 30-fold. Concentration and assay reaction time parameters were also optimized for colorimetric (MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] reduction) and fluorescent (resazurin reduction) indicators of fungal vitality. We employed this microtiter-based assay to determine the antifungal susceptibility patterns of multiple clinical isolates ofHistoplasmarepresenting different phylogenetic groups. This methodology fulfills a critical need for the ability to monitor the effectiveness of antifungals onHistoplasmayeasts, the morphological form present in mammalian hosts and, thus, the form most relevant to disease.

scholarly journals Induction of Cryptic Antifungal Pulicatin Derivatives from Pantoea Agglomerans by Microbial Co-Culture

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bathini Thissera ◽  
Hani A. Alhadrami ◽  
Marwa H. A. Hassan ◽  
Hossam M. Hassan ◽  
Fathy A. Behery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Mixed Fermentation ◽  
Total Extract

Microbial co-culture or mixed fermentation proved to be an efficient strategy to expand chemical diversity by the induction of cryptic biosynthetic pathways, and in many cases led to the production of new antimicrobial agents. In the current study, we report a rare example of the induction of silent/cryptic bacterial biosynthetic pathway by the co-culture of Durum wheat plant roots-associated bacterium Pantoea aggolomerans and date palm leaves-derived fungus Penicillium citrinum. The initial co-culture indicated a clear fungal growth inhibition which was confirmed by the promising antifungal activity of the co-culture total extract against Pc. LC-HRMS chemical profiling demonstrated a huge suppression in the production of secondary metabolites (SMs) of axenic cultures of both species with the emergence of new metabolites which were dereplicated as a series of siderophores. Large-scale co-culture fermentation led to the isolation of two new pulicatin derivatives together with six known metabolites which were characterised using HRESIMS and NMR analyses. During the in vitro antimicrobial evaluation of the isolated compounds, pulicatin H (2) exhibited the strongest antifungal activity against Pc, followed by aeruginaldehyde (1) and pulicatin F (4), hence explaining the initial growth suppression of Pc in the co-culture environment.

scholarly journals Electrospun Polymer-Fungicide Nanocomposites for Grapevine Protection

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 3673
Author(s):  
Nasko Nachev ◽  
Mariya Spasova ◽  
Petya Tsekova ◽  
Nevena Manolova ◽  
Iliya Rashkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Chemical Fungicides

Nowadays, diseases in plants are a worldwide problem. Fungi represent the largest number of plant pathogens and are responsible for a range of serious plant diseases. Esca is a grapevine disease caused mainly by fungal pathogens Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (P. chlamydospora) and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum (P. aleophilum). The currently proposed methods to fight esca are not curative. In this study, polymer composites based on biodegradable polymer containing chemical fungicides with antifungal activity were successfully prepared by electrospinning. The obtained materials were hydrophobic with good mechanical properties. In vitro studies demonstrated that the fungicide release was higher from PLLA/K5N8Q fibrous mats (ca. 72% for 50 h) compared to the released drug amount from PLLA/5-Cl8Q materials (ca. 52% for 50 h), which is due to the better water-solubility of the salt. The antifungal activity of the fibrous materials against P. chlamydospora and P. aleophilum was studied as well. The incorporation of the fungicide in the biodegradable fibers resulted in the inhibition of fungal growth. The obtained materials are perspective candidates for the protection of vines from the penetration and growth of fungal pathogens.

scholarly journals The Development of a Phytopathogenic Fungi Control Trial: Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger Infection in Jojoba Tissue Culture as a Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Nawal Abd El-Baky ◽  
Raoufa Ahmed Abdel Rahman ◽  
Mona Mohammed Sharaf ◽  
Amro Abd Al Fattah Amara
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Ghost Cells

After introducing the idea of using concentrations equal to or less than the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of some active chemical compounds for evacuating microbial cells, different types of microbes were evacuated. The original protocol was given the name sponge-like protocol and then was reduced and modified from a microorganism to another to prepare microbial ghosts for various applications such as immunological applications, drug delivery, and isolation of DNA and protein. Fungal pathogens that infect plants critically affect cost effectiveness, quality, and quantity of their production. They kill plant cells and/or cause plant stress. Plant fungal infections can originate from many sources such as infected soil, seeds, or crop debris causing diseases and quality losses around the world with billions of US dollars annually as costs of the associated productivity loss. This study focused on the application of the sponge-like protocol in protecting in vitro tissue cultures of plants against fungal pathogens. This can be useful for research purposes or may be developed to be introduced in field applications. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger infection in tissue culture of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schn.) was used as a model to establish the employment of this protocol to control plant fungal diseases. The best conditions for A. flavus and A. niger ghosts production previously mapped by randomization experimental design (reduced Plackett–Burman experimental design) were used to prepare fungal ghosts. SDS, NaOH, NaHCO3, and H2O2 were used in their MIC (+1 level) or minimum growth concentration (MGC, −1 level) according to the determined optimal experimental design. The release of both of DNA and protein from the fungal cells was evaluated spectrophotometrically at 260nm and 280nm, respectively, as an indicator for cell loss of their cytoplasm. Fungal ghost cells were also examined by transmission electron microscopy. After confirming the preparation of high-quality fungal ghost cells, the same conditions were mimicked to control plant fungal infection. Jojoba grown in tissue culture was sprayed with fungal cells (about 103 CFU) as a control experiment or fungal cells followed by treatment with solution (a) represents the fungal ghost cells formation calculated critical concentration (FGCCC) of SDS, NaOH, and NaHCO3 and then treatment with solution (b) represents H2O2 FGCCC. The plant was examined on day 0 (plant grown before any infection or infection followed by treatment), day 5 (plant at day 5 after infection or infection followed by treatment), and day 10 (plant at day 10 after infection or infection followed by treatment). We observed fungal growth in case of control experiments at days 5 and 10 on the tissue culture medium, as well as plant, and the absence of any fungal growth in case of plant treated with FGCCC even after day 10. We recommend using this FGCCC in the form of chemical spraying formulation to treat the plants aiming to control different plant fungal infections in in vitro tissue culture systems or applied in field.

scholarly journals Biosorption of Cadmium by Filamentous Fungi Isolated from Coastal Water and Sediments

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lebeth C. Manguilimotan ◽  
Jayzon G. Bitacura
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Coastal Water ◽  
Heavy Metal Contamination ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Isolate ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Potato Dextrose Broth ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Pure Cultures

The use of microorganisms in decontaminating the environment encumbered with heavy metal pollutants through biosorption is considered as a good option for bioremediation. This study was conducted to isolate Cadmium (Cd) tolerant fungi from coastal waters and sediments, compare their biosorption capabilities, and identify the isolates with the highest Cd uptake. Water and sediment samples were collected near the effluent sites of industrial belt in Ibo, Lapu-lapu City, Cebu, Philippines. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates containing Cd (25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm) were used to isolate Cd tolerant fungi from the samples. The distinct colonies that grew on the highest Cd concentration (100 ppm) were then isolated into pure cultures. The pure cultures of Cd tolerant fungi served as a source of inocula for in vitro biosorption assay using Cd dissolved in potato dextrose broth (PDB) as the substrate. Cd tolerant fungal isolates with the highest Cd uptake were finally identified up to the lowest possible taxon based on their colonial and microscopic characteristics. Most filamentous fungal colonies have grown most at the lower Cd concentrations and least at the higher concentrations. From the characteristics of the fungal growth on the plate with the highest Cd concentration, eight distinct colonies from both sediment and water samples were isolated into pure cultures. Among the eight fungal isolates, only three had significant Cd biosorption efficiency, these were fungal isolate 3 (13.87 %), fungal isolate 6 (11.46 %), and fungal isolate 4 (10.71 %). Two of them (fungal isolates 3 and 4) belong to genus Aspergillus while the other (fungal isolate 6) is a species of Penicillium. The results of this study showed that Cd tolerant fungi with biosorption capacity could be isolated from coastal water and sediments in the vicinity of areas suspected of heavy metal contamination.

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