scholarly journals The Gut Microbiome Modulates the Changes in Liver Metabolism and in Inflammatory Processes in the Brain of Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-jie Lv ◽  
Xiao-ling Wu ◽  
Wen-qian Chen ◽  
Yue-fei Li ◽  
Gui-feng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress ◽  
Astrocyte Activation ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplant ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
The Brain

Generally, depression is the result of complex gene-environment interactions. Recent studies have showed that the gut microbiota can affect brain function through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. However, the underlying mechanism of the microbiota and potential influence of depression remain elusive. We aimed to determine how gut microbiome contributes to the process of depression and further influences the host. Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) is used to establish a depression model. Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) is applied to illustrate that depression can be transmitted via microbiota, and metabolism of liver analysis is applied to demonstrate further influence to the liver. We also analyzed the astrocyte activation in the brain by immunofluorescence (IF). Here, we show that the structure of the gut microbiome changes markedly after rats undergo CUMS. Notably, we found that the ratio of Lactobacillus to Clostridium can be a vital index for the development of depression. Depression-like behavior can be duplicated through FMT. Moreover, increased zonulin and fatty acid binding protein-2 indicates that gut barrier integrity is broken after FMT. Subsequently, metabolomics shows that liver metabolic disorder occurs and leads to liver coagulative necrosis. In addition, increased inflammatory cytokine expression and higher astrocyte activation indicate an inflammatory process in the brain. These findings suggest that dysbiosis gut microbiome contributes to development of depression and further causes liver metabolic disorders in a way that may be relevant to the Lactobacillus to Clostridium ratio.

scholarly journals Jasmine Tea Attenuates Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Depressive-like Behavior in Rats via the Gut-Brain Axis

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Yangbo Zhang ◽  
Jianan Huang ◽  
Yifan Xiong ◽  
Xiangna Zhang ◽  
Yong Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress ◽  
Jasmine Tea ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Microbiota Diversity

The number of depressed people has increased worldwide. Dysfunction of the gut microbiota has been closely related to depression. The mechanism by which jasmine tea ameliorates depression via the brain-gut-microbiome (BGM) axis remains unclear. Here, the effects of jasmine tea on rats with depressive-like symptoms via the gut microbiome were investigated. We first established a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rat model to induce depressive symptoms and measured the changes in depression-related indicators. Simultaneously, the changes in gut microbiota were investigated by 16S rRNA sequencing. Jasmine tea treatment improved depressive-like behaviors and neurotransmitters in CUMS rats. Jasmine tea increased the gut microbiota diversity and richness of depressed rats induced by CUMS. Spearman’s analysis showed correlations between the differential microbiota (Patescibacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Elusimicrobia, and Proteobacteria) and depressive-related indicators (BDNF, GLP-1, and 5-HT in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex). Combined with the correlation analysis of gut microbiota, the result indicated that jasmine tea could attenuate depression in rats via the brain- gut-microbiome axis.

scholarly journals Effect of Fecal Microbiota Transplant on Symptoms of Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthi Chinna Meyyappan ◽  
Evan Forth ◽  
Caroline Wallace ◽  
Roumen Milev
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplant ◽  
Psychiatric Illnesses ◽  
Bidirectional Signaling ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Larger Sample

Abstract Background: The Gut-Brain-Axis is a bidirectional signaling pathway between the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the brain. The hundreds of trillions of microorganisms populating the gastrointestinal tract are thought to modulate this connection, and have far reaching effects on the immune system, central and autonomic nervous systems, and GI functioning. These interactions have also been linked to various psychiatric illnesses such as depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and eating disorders. It is hypothesized that techniques aimed at strengthening and repopulating the gut microbiome, such as Fecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT), may be useful in the prevention and treatment of psychiatric illnesses. Methods: A systematic search of five databases was conducted using key terms related to FMT and psychiatric illnesses. All results were then evaluated based on specific eligibility criteria. Results: Twenty-one studies met the eligibility criteria and were analysed for reported changes in mood and behavioural measures indicative of psychiatric wellbeing. The studies included were either entirely clinical (n=7), preclinical with human donors (n=7), or entirely preclinical (n=7). All studies found a decrease in depressive and anxiety-like symptoms and behaviours resulting from the transplantation of healthy microbiota. The inverse was also found, with the transmission of depressive and anxiety-like symptoms and behaviours resulting from the transplantation of microbiota from psychiatrically ill donors to healthy recipients. Conclusion: There appears to be strong evidence for the treatment and transmission of psychiatric illnesses through FMT. Further research with larger sample sizes and stronger scientific design is warranted in order to fully determine the efficacy and safety of this potential treatment.

scholarly journals The Brain-Gut-Microbiome System: Pathways and Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorder

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4497
Author(s):  
Michelle A. Chernikova ◽  
Genesis D. Flores ◽  
Emily Kilroy ◽  
Jennifer S. Labus ◽  
Emeran A. Mayer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
Gastrointestinal Problems ◽  
The Brain

Gastrointestinal dysfunction is one of the most prevalent physiological symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A growing body of largely preclinical research suggests that dysbiotic gut microbiota may modulate brain function and social behavior, yet little is known about the mechanisms that underlie these relationships and how they may influence the pathogenesis or severity of ASD. While various genetic and environmental risk factors have been implicated in ASD, this review aims to provide an overview of studies elucidating the mechanisms by which gut microbiota, associated metabolites, and the brain interact to influence behavior and ASD development, in at least a subgroup of individuals with gastrointestinal problems. Specifically, we review the brain-gut-microbiome system and discuss findings from current animal and human studies as they relate to social-behavioral and neurological impairments in ASD, microbiota-targeted therapies (i.e., probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation) in ASD, and how microbiota may influence the brain at molecular, structural, and functional levels, with a particular interest in social and emotion-related brain networks. A deeper understanding of microbiome-brain-behavior interactions has the potential to inform new therapies aimed at modulating this system and alleviating both behavioral and physiological symptomatology in individuals with ASD.

scholarly journals The Antidepressant-Like Effects of Shen Yuan in a Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Rat Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Jiang ◽  
Haixia Wang ◽  
Hong Huang ◽  
Jingwei Lv ◽  
Guirong Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Panax Ginseng ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Preference Test ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress ◽  
Oxidative Markers ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Polygala Tenuifolia ◽  
Sucrose Preference Test

Depression is a common yet severe neuropsychiatric condition that causes imposes considerable personal, economic, and social burdens worldwide. Medicinal plant species (e.g., Panax ginseng and Polygala tenuifolia) demonstrate potent antidepressant-like effects with less toxicity and other side effects. Shen yuan prescription (SY), composed of Panax ginseng (GT) and Polygala tenuifolia (YT). The present study aimed to elucidate the effects of SY treatment on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats and study the underlying mechanism. Our results indicated that SY (67.5, 135, or 270 mg/kg) significantly reverses the depressive-like behaviors in rats with a 5-week CUMS exposure, as demonstrated by increased sucrose consumption in the sucrose preference test, and decreased immobility time in the tail suspension and forced swim test. Moreover, SY altered serum corticosterone levels, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and oxidative markers (SOD, CAT, and MDA), and increased the levels of hippocampal neurotransmitters (5-HT, DA, and NE) in rats exposed to CUMS. Furthermore, rats treated with SY showed a reduction in the protein expression of BDNF, p-TrkB, p-Akt, and p-mTOR proteins induced by CUMS exposure in the hippocampus. In conclusion, SY prevented depressive-like behaviors in CUMS-exposed rats by preventing hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction, decreasing the levels of the neurotransmitters, minimizing oxidative stress, suppressing neuroinflammation, and activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR-mediated BDNF/TrkB pathway, all of which are the key players in the pathological basis of depression.

scholarly journals Effects of caffeic acid on epigenetics in the brain of rats with chronic unpredictable mild stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 5358-5368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinye Hu ◽  
Shuyuan Cao ◽  
Zhan Zhang ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Di Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caffeic Acid ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Phages in the Gut Ecosystem

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Zuppi ◽  
Heather L. Hendrickson ◽  
Justin M. O’Sullivan ◽  
Tommi Vatanen
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Ecosystem Dynamics ◽  
Bacterial Survival ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplant ◽  
Bacterial Fitness ◽  
Biological Entities

Phages, short for bacteriophages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria and are the most abundant biological entities on earth found in every explored environment, from the deep sea to the Sahara Desert. Phages are abundant within the human biome and are gaining increasing recognition as potential modulators of the gut ecosystem. For example, they have been connected to gastrointestinal diseases and the treatment efficacy of Fecal Microbiota Transplant. The ability of phages to modulate the human gut microbiome has been attributed to the predation of bacteria or the promotion of bacterial survival by the transfer of genes that enhance bacterial fitness upon infection. In addition, phages have been shown to interact with the human immune system with variable outcomes. Despite the increasing evidence supporting the importance of phages in the gut ecosystem, the extent of their influence on the shape of the gut ecosystem is yet to be fully understood. Here, we discuss evidence for phage modulation of the gut microbiome, postulating that phages are pivotal contributors to the gut ecosystem dynamics. We therefore propose novel research questions to further elucidate the role(s) that they have within the human ecosystem and its impact on our health and well-being.

Albiflorin Ameliorates Depressive-like Behaviors in Mice Induced by Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-107
Author(s):  
Wang Jun ◽  
Wan Yanfang ◽  
Zheng Nan
Keyword(s):  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress ◽  
Tail Suspension ◽  
Sucrose Consumption ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Forced Swim ◽  
Suspension Test

Depression is a common psychiatric disorder with a high recurrence rate leading to suicidal thoughts in some cases. Albiflorin is a monoterpene glycoside that is commonly used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. However, the underlying mechanism of albiflorin on depression is unclear and remains to be investigated. To this end, a mouse model of depression was established via chronic unpredictable mild stress treatment. Next, the effects of albiflorin on depression in these mice were evaluated using the sucrose preference test, forced swim test, tail suspension test, and open field test. The results showed that chronic unpredictable mild stress decreased sucrose consumption, while albiflorin (10 mg/kg) treatment significantly increased sucrose consumption just as fluoxetine (10 mg/kg), a drug commonly used to treat depression. Moreover, both albiflorin and fluoxetine demonstrated significant decrease in immobility time in the forced swim test and tail suspension test with no change in spontaneous locomotor activities. Finally, the underlying mechanism of albiflorin was evaluated using western blot. Results showed an up-regulation of phospho-Akt without changing total-Akt, indicating that albiflorin improved the depression symptoms via inactivation of the Akt signaling pathway. Therefore, albiflorin might be a potential therapeutic treatment for depression.

scholarly journals Acupuncture Activates ERK-CREB Pathway in Rats Exposed to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Lu ◽  
Jia Liang ◽  
Jun-Ren Wang ◽  
Li Hu ◽  
Ya Tu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Camp Response Element Binding ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress ◽  
Camp Response Element ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Extracellular Signal ◽  
Element Binding Protein ◽  
Phosphorylated Creb ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Creb Pathway

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) signal pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of depression. There is growing evidence that acupuncture in traditional Chinese medicine has antidepressant-like effect. However, the effect of acupuncture on ERK-CREB pathway remains unknown. In our study, the antidepressant-like effect of acupuncture treatment was measured by sucrose intake test and open field test in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 4 weeks. The protein levels of ERK1/2, CREB, phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2), and phosphorylated CREB (p-CREB) in the hippocampus (HP) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) were examined by Western blot analysis. Our results showed that CUMS rats exhibited the reduction in behavioral activities, whereas acupuncture stimulation at acupoints Baihui (Du20) and Neiguan (PC6) reversed the behavioral deficit. In addition, exposure to CUMS resulted in the decrease of p-ERK1/2 and p-CREB in the HP and PFC. Acupuncture increased the ratio of p-ERK1/2 to ERK1/2 and the ratio of p-CREB to CREB in the HP and PFC. Our study suggested that one potential way, by which acupuncture had antidepressant-like effect, might be mediated by activating the ERK-CREB pathway in the brain.

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