scholarly journals The Importance of Coordinated Actions in Preventing the Spread of Yellow Fever to Human Populations: The Experience from the 2016-2017 Yellow Fever Outbreak in the Northeastern Region of São Paulo State

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Márcio Junio Lima Siconelli ◽  
Danillo Lucas Alves Espósito ◽  
Nathália Cristina Moraes ◽  
Julia Maria Ribeiro ◽  
Lívia Perles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Hemorrhagic Disease ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Sylvatic Cycle ◽  
Northeastern Region ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
São Paulo State

Yellow fever (YF) is a zoonotic arthropod-borne disease that is caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV) and characterized by a sylvatic and urban cycle. Its most severe presentation is manifested as a hemorrhagic disease, and it has been responsible for thousands of deaths in the last decades. This study describes the public health approaches taken to control the 2016-2017 YF outbreak in nonhuman primates (NHPs) that took place in the northeastern region of São Paulo state, Brazil. NHPs recovered from the field were necropsied, and YF diagnoses were made at the Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School and the Center of Pathology, Adolfo Lutz Institute of São Paulo. NHP samples were inoculated into Vero cells for YFV isolation. RNA extraction was performed directly from NHP tissues and tested by RT-qPCR. YFV-positive samples were confirmed by sequencing. Based on the rapid RT-qPCR results, surveillance actions were implemented in the entire region. Confirmatory histopathology and immunohistochemistry for YFV were also performed. Among nine NHPs, gross hepatic involvement was observed in six animals, five of which were YFV-RT-qPCR-positive. One YFV was isolated from the serum of an infant NHP. YFV RNA sequences diverged from the virus responsible for the last epizootic that occurred in São Paulo state, but it was similar to the current Brazilian epizootic. Public health actions included dissemination of information on YF transmission, investigation of the probable location of NHP infection, characterization of the environment, and subsequent creation of the blueprint from which prevention and control measures were implemented. The YFV sylvatic cycle occurred in the periurban areas of the northeastern region of São Paulo state, but no human cases were reported during this period, showing that integrated actions between human, animal, and environmental health professionals were critical to restrain the virus to the sylvatic cycle.

scholarly journals Evolution of bacterial meningitis diagnosis in Sao Paulo State-Brazil and future challenges

2013 ◽  
Vol 71 (9B) ◽  
pp. 672-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maristela Marques Salgado ◽  
Maria Gisele Goncalves ◽  
Lucila Okuyama Fukasawa ◽  
Fabio Takenori Higa ◽  
Juliana Thalita Paulino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Immunological Methods ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
Molecular Technique ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
São Paulo State

Bacterial meningitis (BM) is a severe disease and still represents a serious public health problem with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The most common cases of BM around the world, mainly in Brazil, have been caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Bacterial culture is the gold-standard technique for BM confirmation, but approximately 50% of suspected cases are not culture-confirmed, due to problems related to improper transportation and seeding or previous antibiotic treatment. Immunological methods present low sensitivity and have possibility of cross-reactions. Real time PCR (qPCR) is a molecular technique and has been successful used for BM diagnosis at Instituto Adolfo Lutz in São Paulo State, Brazil, since 2007. The incorporation of qPCR in the Public Health surveillance routine in our state resulted in diminishing 50% of undetermined BM cases. Our efforts are focused on qPCR implementation in the BM diagnostic routine throughout Brazil.

Zika virus seroprevalence in blood donors from the Northeastern region of São Paulo State, Brazil, between 2015 and 2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetoslav Nanev Slavov ◽  
Rafael Rahal Guaragna Machado ◽  
Alexander Rodrigo Ferreira ◽  
Camila Pereira Soares ◽  
Danielle Bastos Araujo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Northeastern Region ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
São Paulo State

scholarly journals Municipalities of higher vulnerability to Sylvatic Yellow Fever occurrence in the São Paulo State, Brazil

2011 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 335-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Stramandinoli Moreno ◽  
Rita de Cássia Barradas Barata
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
Yellow Fever Vaccination

Until 1999 the endemic cases of Sylvatic Yellow Fever were located in the states of northern, midwestern and pre-Amazon regions. Since then, the disease progressively expanded its territory of occurrence, cases being registered beyond the traditional boundaries of endemism. The São Paulo State is considered to be part of this context, since after decades without registration of autochthonous cases of the disease, it reported, in 2000 and 2008-2009, epizootic occurrence in non-human primates and 30 cases in humans. Facts like these, added to the increase in incidences of serious adverse effects resulting from the Yellow Fever vaccination, have highlighted the importance of defining priority municipalities for vaccination against the disease in the state. Two groups of municipalities, some affected and some non-affected by YF, were compared for environmental variables related to the eco-epidemiology of the disease according to literature. The Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) was used to pinpoint the factor able to differentiate the two groups of municipalities and define the levels of risk. The southeast region of the São Paulo State was considered to be the area with a higher number of municipalities classified as high risk and should be considered a priority for the application of prevention measures against Yellow Fever.

scholarly journals Genomic Surveillance of Yellow Fever Virus Epizootic in São Paulo, Brazil, 2016 – 2018

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Hill ◽  
R. P. de Souza ◽  
J. Thézé ◽  
I. Claro ◽  
R. S. Aguiar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Southeast Brazil ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
Substantial Heterogeneity

AbstractSão Paulo (SP), a densely inhabited state in southeast Brazil that contains the fourth most populated city in the world, recently experienced its largest yellow fever virus (YFV) outbreak in decades. YFV does not normally circulate extensively in SP, so most people were unvaccinated when the outbreak began. Surveillance in non-human primates (NHPs) is important for determining the magnitude and geographic extent of an epizootic, thereby helping to evaluate the risk of YFV spillover to humans. Data from infected NHPs can give more accurate insights into YFV spread than when using data from human cases alone. To contextualise human cases, identify epizootic foci and uncover the rate and direction of YFV spread in SP, we generated and analysed virus genomic data and epizootic case data from NHP in SP. We report the occurrence of three spatiotemporally distinct phases of the outbreak in SP prior to February 2018. We generated 51 new virus genomes from YFV positive cases identified in 23 different municipalities in SP, mostly sampled from non-human primates between October 2016 and January 2018. Although we observe substantial heterogeneity in lineage dispersal velocities between phylogenetic branches, continuous phylogeographic analyses of generated YFV genomes suggest that YFV lineages spread in São Paulo state at a mean rate of approximately 1km per day during all phases of the outbreak. Viral lineages from the first epizootic phase in northern São Paulo subsequently dispersed towards the south of the state to cause the second and third epizootic phases there. This alters our understanding of how YFV was introduced into the densely populated south of SP state. Our results shed light on the sylvatic transmission of yellow fever in highly fragmented forested regions in SP state and highlight the importance of continued surveillance of zoonotic pathogens in sentinel species.Author’s SummarySince July 2016, the southeast region of Brazil has experienced the largest yellow fever virus (YFV) outbreak in decades. São Paulo is the most densely populated state in southeast Brazil. The outbreak has caused serious public health concern in the state, as YFV does not normally circulate widely there and most of the 21 million inhabitants were correspondingly unvaccinated against YFV when the outbreak began. In Brazil, YFV typically circulates among non-human primates, and human cases represent isolated spillover events from this predominantly sylvatic cycle. Understanding the epidemiological dynamics and spread of YFV in non-human primates is therefore critical for contextualising human cases, and guiding vaccination strategies that can better protect local human populations. Here, we aim to contextualise human cases, identify epizootic foci and uncover the rate and direction of YFV spread in SP. We analyse the geographic and temporal distribution of observed cases of YFV in non-human primates in São Paulo state, and identify three distinct phases of the epizootic. We generate sequence data from 51 YFV-positive cases and perform phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses aimed at understanding the spatial spread of YFV in São Paulo state. Analyses of these data indicate that YFV spread from the north of São Paulo state into more densely populated southern regions. Although we observe substantial heterogeneity in the rate at which different sampled YFV lineages spread, the typical rate of spread was low with a mean rate of ~1 km per day. This is consistent with a scenario in which the majority of transmission events occurred between non-human primates and sylvatic vectors across forested patches.Article Summary LineGenomic surveillance of yellow fever in São Paulo during the 2016-2018 epizootic

scholarly journals Isolation of yellow fever virus (YFV) from naturally infectied Haemagogus (Conopostegus) leucocelaenus (diptera, cukicudae) in São Paulo State, Brazil, 2009

2011 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Pereira de Souza ◽  
Selma Petrella ◽  
Terezinha Lisieux Moraes Coimbra ◽  
Adriana Yurika Maeda ◽  
Iray Maria Rocco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Virus Rna ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
Entomological Research

After detecting the death of Howlers monkeys (genus Alouatta) and isolation of yellow fever virus (YFV) in Buri county, São Paulo, Brazil, an entomological research study in the field was started. A YFV strain was isolated from newborn Swiss mice and cultured cells of Aedes albopictus - C6/36, from a pool of six Haemagogus (Conopostegus) leucocelaenus (Hg. leucocelaenus) mosquitoes (Dyar & Shannon) collected at the study site. Virus RNA fragment was amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. The MCC Tree generated showed that the isolated strain is related to the South American I genotype, in a monophyletic clade containing isolates from recent 2008-2010 epidemics and epizootics in Brazil. Statistical analysis commonly used were calculated to characterize the sample in relation to diversity and dominance and indicated a pattern of dominance of one or a few species. Hg. leucocelaenus was found infected in Rio Grande do Sul State as well. In São Paulo State, this is the first detection of YFV in Hg. leucocelaenus.

Giardia and Cryptosporidium in source waters of Sao Paulo State, Brazil

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.M. Hachich ◽  
M.I.Z. Sato ◽  
A.T. Galvani ◽  
J.R.N. Menegon ◽  
J.L.N. Mucci
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Immunofluorescence Assay ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
São Paulo State

Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum are two protozoan intestinal parasites responsible for many drinking-water-related disease outbreaks in recent years. They are very resistant to conventional water treatment processes, can persist for long times in the environment and are, therefore, of great concern for public health. This work aimed to evaluate the presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water sources from São Paulo State, Brazil, as part of the “Evaluation of Inland Waters from Sao Paulo State” project from CETESB. Over a period of 19 months, 278 water samples from 28 sites located in 10 watersheds were analysed. The immunofluorescence assay was used after concentration of the samples by the calcium carbonate flocculation technique. Thermotolerant (faecal) coliforms, faecal streptococci and Clostridium perfringens were also determined in order to verify the existence of correlation between these bacterial indicators and the protozoa. Giardia and Cryptosporidium were detected in 27% and 2.5% of the samples, respectively, a lower figure compared with the results reported by other authors, especially for Cryptosporidium. A Spearman rank correlation test demonstrated a significant correlation between Giardia and faecal indicator concentrations. According to the American Regulation of Monitoring (ICR), treated water from 16 of these 28 collection sites should also be analysed to evaluate whether the treatment process could remove the parasites. Some technical deficiencies of these methods still limit the utilisation of the monitoring results for public health decisions, but the data here reported will help to improve the quality of drinking water in Sao Paulo State.

scholarly journals Seropositivity rates for toxoplasmosis, rubella, syphilis, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis and HIV among pregnant women receiving care at a public health service, São Paulo state, Brazil

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 601-605
Author(s):  
Márcia Aparecida dos Santos Gonçalves ◽  
Cinara de Cássia Brandão de Matos ◽  
Lígia Cosentino Junqueira Franco Spegiorin ◽  
Denise Cristina Mós Vaz Oliani ◽  
Antonio Hélio Oliani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Public Health Service ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
Cytomegalovirus Hepatitis

scholarly journals Judicialização da saúde pública no Brasil: padrões e divergências decisórias na Justiça Civil Comum do Estado de São Paulo, Comarca de Campinas | Judicialization of public health in Brazil: standards and decisional disagreements of the Common Civil Court of Sao Paulo State, judicial district of Campinas

KPGT_dlutz_1 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 386
Author(s):  
Keyla Ketlyn Passos Pimenta ◽  
Oswaldo Gonçalves Junior
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Judicial Process ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Methods ◽  
Civil Court ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
The Common

Resumo: O presente estudo busca identificar e analisar padrões decisórios da Justiça Civil Comum do Estado de São Paulo, em primeira e segunda instância, quanto ao fenômeno da judicialização da saúde pública, com base em um conjunto de ações judicias oriundas da Comarca de Campinas e julgadas pelo tribunal no ano de 2012. Trata-se de estudo empírico, descritivo e retrospectivo, cujos dados foram coletados por meio de consulta aos processos judiciais. Utiliza de métodos qualitativos e quantitativos de análise. Os resultados revelam determinados padrões nas causas estudadas e a ocorrência de divergências entre os padrões decisórios de primeira e segunda instância. As decisões em primeira instância, mais diversas, indicam relações com outros elementos processuais, como a patologia declarada, inclinação pessoal do magistrado, contato mais próximo com gestores públicos locais, entre outros. Palavras-chave: Divergências decisórias. Judicialização da saúde pública. Poder judiciário. Padrões decisórios. Abstract: This study aims to identify and to analyze decisional standards of the Common Civil Court of São Paulo State, in first and second instance, regarding to the phenomenon of public health judicialization, based on series of lawsuits from the Judicial District of Campinas and judged by the court in the year of 2012. This is an empirical, descriptive and retrospective study, which data were collected through the consultation of lawsuits. The study uses qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis. The results reveal certain standards in the lawsuits and the occurrence of divergences between first and second instance decisional standards. The decisions at first instance, diversified, indicate relations with other elements of the judicial process, such as the declared pathology, personal inclination of the judge, closer contact with local public managers, among others. Keywords: Decisional standards. Decisional divergences. Judicialization of public health. Judiciary.

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