scholarly journals Linkboost: A Link Prediction Algorithm to Solve the Problem of Network Vulnerability in Cases Involving Incomplete Information

Complexity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Chengfeng Jia ◽  
Jie Ma ◽  
Qi Liu ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Hua Han
Keyword(s):  
Incomplete Information ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Prediction Algorithm ◽  
Network Vulnerability ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Network Information ◽  
Imbalanced Class Distribution ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Attack Strategy

The vulnerability of network information systems has attracted considerable research attention in various domains including financial networks, transportation networks, and infrastructure systems. To comprehensively investigate the network vulnerability, well-designed attack strategies are necessary. However, it is difficult to formulate a global attack strategy as the complete information of the network is usually unavailable. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes a novel prediction algorithm named Linkboost, which, by predicting the hidden edges of the network, can complement the seemingly missing but potentially existing connections of the network with limited information. The key aspect of this algorithm is that it can deal with the imbalanced class distribution present in the network data. The proposed approach was tested on several types of networks, and the experimental results indicated that the proposed algorithm can successfully enhance the destruction rate of the network even with incomplete information. Furthermore, when the proportion of the missing information is relatively small, the proposed attack strategy relying on the high degree nodes performs even better than that with complete information. This finding suggests that the nodes important to the network structure and connectivity can be more easily identified by the links added by Linkboost. Therefore, the use of Linkboost can provide useful insight into the operation guidance and design of a more effective attack strategy.

scholarly journals Farmer adoption of sustainable intensification technologies in the maize systems of the Global South. A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliot Jones-Garcia ◽  
Vijesh V. Krishna
Keyword(s):  
Global South ◽  
Sustainable Intensification ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Adoption Process ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Research Strategies ◽  
Adoption Studies ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Socioeconomic Analysis ◽  
Farmer Adoption

AbstractThis paper reviews the empirical literature on the determinants of farmer adoption of sustainable intensification technologies in maize agri-food systems of the Global South. The attributes of the technology and the dissemination institutions interact with farm/farmer-specific variables, leading to heterogeneous impacts, making the prediction of technology adoption challenging. However, most empirical studies oversimplify the adoption process and examine only the farm/farmer-specific variables as the determinants of adoption, thereby limiting the scope of learning on how the attributes of the technology and the dissemination system could have been altered to realize a more efficient and more inclusive technological change. We argue for a realignment of empirical adoption analysis for better implications through a conscious rejection of the assumption that the onus of technology performance rests solely with the farmer. Here we review the studies published between 2007 and 2018 on the adoption of sustainable intensification technologies in maize systems of the Global South to examine how the adoption models are currently dependent on the farm/farmer attributes vis-à-vis the attributes of technologies and disseminating institutions. The main findings from a synthesis of 137 adoption studies are threefold. (1) Limited information access and technologies not suitable for the small landholdings were the major constraints of farmer adoption of technologies. (2) The criticisms on the conventional adoption analysis concerning oversimplification and decontextualization of the decision-making process are reaffirmed. (3) The empirical adoption research needs to incorporate the attributes of technologies and the socio-institutional context to develop better research strategies toward inclusive agrarian development. We examine how the framework of the socioeconomic analysis can be reconstructed to facilitate the research and development (R&D) institutions to overcome the major hurdles of rapid and inclusive dissemination. Evaluation of the degree to which the attributes of technology favor its adoption requires increased research attention.

scholarly journals Spillovers and R&D Incentive under Incomplete Information

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 50-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rittwik Chatterjee ◽  
Srobonti Chattopadhyay ◽  
Tarun Kabiraj
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Function ◽  
Incomplete Information ◽  
Private Information ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
General Distribution ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Stage Game ◽  
Alternative Scenarios

Spillovers of R&D outcome affect the R&D decision of a firm. The present paper discusses the R&D incentives of a firm when the extent of R&D spillover is private information to each firm. We construct a two-stage game involving two firms when the firms first decide simultaneously whether to invest in R&D or not, then they compete in quantity. Assuming general distribution function of firm types we compare R&D incentives of firms under alternative scenarios based on different informational structures. The paper shows that while R&D spillovers reduce R&D incentives under complete information unambiguously, however, it can be larger under incomplete information. JEL Classification: D43, D82, L13, O31

scholarly journals Distance Metrics of D Numbers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liguo Fei ◽  
Yuqiang Feng
Keyword(s):  
Number Theory ◽  
Incomplete Information ◽  
Distance Function ◽  
Distance Measure ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Belief Function ◽  
Distance Metrics ◽  
Modeling Methods ◽  
The Difference ◽  
D Numbers

Belief function has always played an indispensable role in modeling cognitive uncertainty. As an inherited version, the theory of D numbers has been proposed and developed in a more efficient and robust way. Within the framework of D number theory, two more generalized properties are extended: (1) the elements in the frame of discernment (FOD) of D numbers do not required to be mutually exclusive strictly; (2) the completeness constraint is released. The investigation shows that the distance function is very significant in measuring the difference between two D numbers, especially in information fusion and decision. Modeling methods of uncertainty that incorporate D numbers have become increasingly popular, however, very few approaches have tackled the challenges of distance metrics. In this study, the distance measure of two D numbers is presented in cases, including complete information, incomplete information, and non-exclusive elements

Incomplete Information in Multidimensional Databases

2003 ◽  
pp. 282-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cirtis E. Dyreson ◽  
Torben Bach Pedersen ◽  
Christian S. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Incomplete Information ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Multidimensional Data ◽  
Uncertain Information ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Multidimensional Database ◽  
Simple Strategy ◽  
Multidimensional Databases ◽  
Derived Data ◽  
Base Data

While incomplete information is endemic to real-world data, current multidimensional data models are not engineered to manage incomplete information in base data, derived data, and dimensions. This chapter presents several strategies for managing incomplete information in multidimensional databases. Which strategy to use is dependent on the kind of incomplete information present, and also on where it occurs in the multidimensional database. A relatively simple strategy is to replace incomplete information with appropriate, complete information. The advantage of this strategy is that all multidimensional databases can manage complete information. Other strategies require more substantial changes to the multidimensional database. One strategy is to reflect the incompleteness in computed aggregates, which is possible only if the multidimensional database allows incomplete values in its hierarchies. Another strategy is to measure the amount of incompleteness in aggregated values by tallying how much uncertain information went into their production.

AMERICAN OPTIONS AND INCOMPLETE INFORMATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (06) ◽  
pp. 1950035 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERIK EKSTRÖM ◽  
MARTIN VANNESTÅL
Keyword(s):  
Incomplete Information ◽  
American Options ◽  
Lower Boundary ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Call Option ◽  
Standard Case ◽  
Underlying Process ◽  
Parameter Values ◽  
American Put

We study the optimal exercise of American options under incomplete information about the drift of the underlying process, and we show that quite unexpected phenomena may occur. In fact, certain parameter values give rise to stopping regions very different from the standard case of complete information. For example, we show that for the American put (call) option it is sometimes optimal to exercise the option when the underlying process reaches an upper (lower) boundary.

What We Really Know About Biosynthesis of Cellulose from Ficus palmate: A Novel Biomass Production

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sultan Alam ◽  
Noor Rehman ◽  
Inamullah Mian ◽  
Hidayat Ullah
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Multistep Process ◽  
Multistep Procedure ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractCurrent research attention has been motivated on the successful synthesis of cellulose from biomass waste of Ficus palmate through multistep process i.e. bleaching and alkali treatment to efficiently eradicate impurities, waxy substances like pectin, cutin, waxes, extractives, hemicellulose and lignin from F. palmate. The cellulose obtained was analyzed by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The isolated cellulose has high degree of purity and crystallinity (61%) and thermal stability as verified by XRD and TGA, respectively. SEM was used for surface morphology and shape. Highly visible pores with channels were detected on the surface. Moreover it also shows that the free surface from lignin and hemicelluloses due to chemical treatment. This study indicates that the multistep procedure is quite adequate for the extraction of cellulose.

The Canadian Legal Profession

1986 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Arthurs ◽  
R. Weisman ◽  
F. H. Zemans
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Legal Profession ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Canadian Experience ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Legal Professions ◽  
Canadian Provinces ◽  
High Degree

This article seeks to weave together the limited information available on the legal professions of the Canadian provinces. Following the same general format as the other comparative studies in this series, it also offers several critical observations of special interest to readers in the United States, whose experience the Canadian bar so closely tracks. The phenomenon of stratification—familiar to American observers—is clearly visible in the Canadian legal profession. Combined with other centrifugal forces, it threatens the unity of a profession which, until recently, has managed to preserve a high degree of cohesion in training, ideology, and institutional structures. On the other hand, in certain respects, the Canadian experience seems to differ from that of the United States, especially in the strength and peculiar structure of publicly funded legal aid schemes, in the profession's continuing formal autonomy and relative immunity from public regulation, and in its long-lasting attachment to apprenticeship as a necessary stage in professional formation. These and other convergences and divergences between the two countries raise questions of general significance: To what extent do the similarities between Canada and the United States verify the assumption implicit in the theoretical literature (principally Abel, Freidson, and Larson) that there is an empirical referent for something called legal professionalism? And to what extent do the differences suggest that containing societies contribute distinctive characteristics to their legal professions, whose qualities are therefore highly contingent?

Pre-contest Communication Incentives

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Yildirim
Keyword(s):  
Incomplete Information ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Psychological Strength

AbstractTo demonstrate resolution and psychological strength, players often engage in pre-contest communication by publicly stating their desire to win an upcoming contest. Existing explanations for this phenomenon revolve around incomplete information and signaling. In this paper, I offer a complementary explanation that does not rely on signaling. Within a complete information setup, I show that players may have an incentive for pre-contest communication if, in addition to an audience (reputational) cost when the statement does not materialize, the players also incur an audience reward (credibility gain) when the statement materializes.

scholarly journals Media Informasi Website pada Wisata Kuliner Panganan Khas Mandar

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Dian Megah Sari ◽  
Asmawati S.
Keyword(s):  
Complete Information ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Local People ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Food Location ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Information Media

Limited information on typical Mandar culinary in Majene Regency, such as types of food, location of food, operating hours, and transportation are references to provide complete information to tourists. Information about typical Mandar food requires the role of technology in it, considering that it plays a very important role in helping tourists or local people to find information about Mandar specialties, it is requires a media capable of providing information about the address of the place to eat, the type of food served, the hours of operation, and transportation used. The purpose of this research is to design website information media on Mandar culinery touris in Majene regency that can help tourist or local communities.   Based on a series of research it can be conclude that the website information media on typical Mandar culinary tours in Majene Regency can make it easy for tourist or local people to get information about  the Mandar culinary tours and decide which restaurant wiil they choice.

scholarly journals Invulnerability Simulation of Urban Agglomeration Passenger Transport Network under Incomplete Information Attack Strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Chengbing Li ◽  
Zhicheng Yang ◽  
Yuan Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Incomplete Information ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Mapping Method ◽  
Urban Agglomeration ◽  
Transport Network ◽  
Load Factor ◽  
Passenger Transport ◽  
Scale Free ◽  
Weight Value ◽  
Attack Strategy

This paper explores the invulnerability of urban agglomeration transportation network under the incomplete information attack strategy. This approach employed the site mapping method to construct the urban agglomeration composite transportation network model, and the network is weighted based on the actual passenger flow. Then the nodes are defined according to the overload conditions. In addition, based on the capacity-load model, the cascading failure model of the urban agglomeration passenger transport network is constructed, and the incomplete information attack strategy and network invulnerability measure index are determined. Finally, the case of Hu-Bao-E-Yu urban agglomeration is simulated to quantify the effects of attack strategies with varied information level, node load factors, and capacity weight and distance weight of the residual connected edge. The results reveal that the network crash speed is positively related to the information span of the attacker unless the information span exceeds 0.9 or accuracy exceeds 0.6. When the information span is low, the information accuracy δ has a critical impact on the network crash speed. Moreover, in the presence of attack, high or low values of node load factor are conducive to the improvement of network invulnerability. As a scale-free network, urban agglomeration transportation network shows strong robustness to random attacks and exhibits vulnerability to deliberate attacks. The capacity weight value α and distance weight value β of residual connected edge have different effects on the network invulnerability under different information span strategies.

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