Review of Top-Down Method to Determine Atmospheric Emissions in Port. Case of Study: Port of Veracruz, Mexico

Indicators of environmental policies in force in Mexico, fossil fuels will continue to be used in industrial sectors, especially marine fuels, such as marine diesel oil, in port systems for some time. Considering this, we have evaluated several methods corresponding to a top-down system for determining fuel consumption and sulfur dioxide atmospheric emissions for the port of Veracruz in 2020 by type of ship on a daily resolution, considering a sulfur content of 0.5% mass by mass in marine fuel. After analyzing seven methods for determining sulfur dioxide atmospheric emission levels, Goldsworthy’s method was found to be the best option to characterize this port. The port system has two maritime zones, one of which is in expansion, which represented 55.66% of fuel consumption and 23.05% of atmospheric emissions according to the typology of vessels. We found that higher fuel consumption corresponded to container vessels, and tanker vessels represented higher atmospheric emission levels in the berthing position. The main differences that we found in the analysis of the seven methods of the top-down system corresponded to the load factor parameter, main and auxiliary engine power, and estimation of fuel consumption by type of vessel.

Conceptual design of Blended Wing Body for Future Air Transportation

Blended wing body is a fixed wing aircraft which are smoothly blended together with no clear dividing line and no distinct wings also be given a wide Aerofoil shaped body. The future transportation is of aircrafts will incline towards the aerodynamically efficient and capable of carrying large number of passengers over long range and environmental benefits is the main paradigm in the design of aircraft BWB has a high lift to drag ratio which increases the CL max and velocity of the airplane with high load factor and high economy compared with traditional aircraft. Evacuation pressure or the cabin pressurization is the major issues in most of the designs with the minimum aerodynamic lift coefficient and drag coefficient. On the other side of the trend is towards the increasing cruise speed. High speed flow is connected with overcoming of intensive drag rise accruing due to existence of intensive shock, closing local area of supersonic flow. Increase of flight Mach number is possible only by using flow control methods and through affecting the shock increases of aspect ratio leads to increase of lift coefficient corresponding to maximal lift to drag. High bypass ratio engines have smaller fuel consumption and lower noise level but have negative effect on flow around airframe including take-off and landing phases. The necessity of solving problem of intensive aerodynamic heating of surface element of flight vehicles and by ensuring of their stability and controllability and also by need of implementing of high-volume tanks for hydrogen fuel and super high bypass ratio engines.

Quality of electricity in power supply of non-traction consumers of railway transport

The article presents the results of the study of the influence of LED lamps with switching power supplies containing power factor correctors on the quality of electricity in the power supply system of non-traction consumers of railway transport. It is noted that the emission of harmonic components of current by electronic loads can cause deviations in the quality of electricity up to the occurrence of emergency situations due to overloads of low (0.4 kV) and medium (6/10 kV) voltage networks. A non-linear electronic load (LED lamp), although equipped with a power factor corrector, causes the generation of a significant level of current harmonics, which significantly affect the operation of the transformer. As a result, the transformer, calculated taking into account the load factor of 0.7 – 0.8, can not be normally operated in the conditions of using electronic load devices. Mathematical modeling of the correction of the modes of the power supply system with nonlinear single-phase loads is performed, provided that the correction devices made on the basis of several condensers and reactors with nonlinear characteristics are used to balance the modes.

Quantitative Assessment of Dynamic Stability Characteristics for Jet Transport in Sudden Plunging Motion

The main objective of this article is to present a training program of loss control prevention for the airlines to enhance aviation safety and operational efficiency. The assessments of dynamic stability characteristics based on the approaches of oscillatory motion and eigenvalue motion modes for jet transport aircraft response to sudden plunging motions are demonstrated in this article. A twin-jet transport aircraft encountering severe clear-air turbulence in transonic flight during the descending phase will be examined as the study case. The flight results in sudden plunging motions with abrupt changes in attitude and gravitational acceleration (i.e. the normal load factor). Development of the required thrust and aerodynamic models with the flight data mining and the fuzzy-logic modeling techniques will be presented. The oscillatory derivatives extracted from these aerodynamic models are then used in the study of variations in stability characteristics during the sudden plunging motion. The fuzzy-logic aerodynamic models are utilized to estimate the nonlinear unsteady aerodynamics while performing numerical integration of flight dynamic equations. The eigenvalues of all motion modes are obtained during time integration. The present quantitative assessment method is an innovation to examine possible mitigation concepts of accident prevention and promote the understanding of aerodynamic responses of the jet transport aircraft.

Design Simulation of Improved Power Quality Conditioner System for Enhancement of Power Quality

The increased usage of power-sensitive electronic devices has prompted interest in power conditioning solutions, which is no surprise. As a result, some type of compensation must be supplied if power output remains below the standards' prescribed limitations. The UPQC (Unified Power Quality Controller) is one of numerous AC Transmission System families that can control voltage, impedance, and phase angle among other factors (FACTS). This study focuses on modern UPFC systems that have increased power quality efficiency to help utilities reduce voltage concerns. One of the FACTS controls for lowering stress sales effects is a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC). The quadrature voltage is specified using the UPQC series compensator. As a result, the compensator series never utilizes active power in a continuous scenario. As mentioned in the approach, a low power rating compensator injects voltage to remedy the system's power quality problem. The voltage is decreased and the power factor is raised when the fluid logic controller is used in conjunction with traditional UPQC. Furthermore, the load factor has been improved. The circuit is then imitated in MATLAB / SIMULINK using a fluctuating logo controller.

Research on the Method and Model for Calculating Impact Load in the Rockburst Tunnel

Among several design methods of tunnel supporting structure, the load-structure method is widely used in different countries, but the determination of load is essential in this design method. The problem of rockburst is becoming more prominent as tunnel engineering enters the deep underground space. However, the research on the impact load on the supporting structure is insufficient in relevant fields. Therefore, from the perspective of energy, this paper deduces the method and model for calculating the impact load of the rockburst tunnel acting on the supporting structure by using the method of structural mechanics first, after the location effect of impact load is determined under different section types and different section sizes. The results indicated that: dynamic load factor K is related to the stiffness EI and supporting size coefficient K0 of the supporting structure, also the difference of impact load in different sections is proved. Tunnel rockburst-prone location is related to lateral pressure coefficient, thus when λ = 1, the probability of rockburst in the whole circular tunnel is the same, while side wall and vault are prone to rockburst in single-track horseshoe tunnel, and the side wall is prone to rockburst in double-track horseshoe tunnel; furthermore when λ > 1, the vault and the inverted arch are prone to rockburst; additionally, when λ < 1, the rockburst is most likely to occur in the arch waist of the circular tunnel and the side walls and the arch waist of the horseshoe tunnel. Finally, the rockburst tunnel’s local load-structure calculation model and the calculation process based on the model are provided.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND MODELING OF PASSENGER PUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICES IN SALATIGA CITY

<p>The performance condition of public transportation services in Salatiga City does have an average rating of still good, but it still has classic problems such as there is no passenger stop, public transportation takes a long time to catch up on deposits, and passengers do not know the fare per kilometer that must be paid. These conditions encourage research activities in the form of an analysis of the performance of public transport passengers in Salatiga City (Case Study of the Tamansari – Blotongan Route). The long-term goal of this research is that the resulting analysis can contribute to stakeholders in Salatiga City, especially in terms of (public transport) towards smart transportation. The specific target to be achieved from the research is the analysis and modeling of the performance of passenger public transport services that will be carried out in Salatiga City, in the form of field surveys and secondary data collection, namely: number of vehicles, number of passengers and data in the form of public transport routes: routes, schedules, speeds and Primary forms are: boarding alighting (up and down passengers) and headway (distance between two public transport vehicles). The analytical method used is the analysis and modeling of the performance of passenger public transportation services in accordance with Government Regulation No. 10 of 2012 Directorate General of Land Transportation concerning Minimum Service Standards for Road-Based Mass Transportation. The results showed that the physical condition of the passenger fleet of Salatiga City on the Tamansari - Blotongan PP route was classified as suitable for use. There are a total of 90 fleets that are sufficient for the needs of Salatiga City public transport passengers who want to travel by means of transportation. The results of the performance analysis based on various indicators show that the performance quality of public transportation services in Salatiga City has met the standards set by the Directorate General of Land Transportation. It can be seen from the results of the load factor analysis with a value of 0.72, the value is included in category A, namely &gt; 0.8. For the level of satisfaction and level of performance, most of the indicators have met the satisfaction of public transport passengers in Salatiga City, so it is sufficient to maintain it. However, there are indicators of waiting times for public transportation that need to be improved.</p>

A microgrid for the secluded Paana Theertham Kani settlement in India

Recognizing the importance of electricity as a driver of rapid economic growth and poverty alleviation, India aims to provide access to all households by 2030. Despite the best efforts of state and federal governments to meet consumers’ electrical needs, budget constraints, inefficient operations and massive loan burdens have hampered their efforts. Aside from these concerns, rural India, which accounts for 65% of the population, is plagued by a slew of issues, including low electricity demand, a low load factor and the expectation of cheap electricity. These concerns bind the authorities’ hands, preventing them from moving forward. As a result, this project aims to model an autonomous microgrid system that integrates three potential renewable-energy systems, namely wind, sun and hydrokinetic, to provide electricity for a remote society. It starts with assessing the region’s electricity needs with its inhabitants. The HOMER Pro platform creates a cost-effective microgrid based on the demand estimate. The components of the microgrid include 6.4-kW small wind turbine (SWT) groups, 4.4-kW solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, a 5-kW hydrokinetic water turbine, battery storage and a converter. The project is unique in that it considers site-specific initial capital costs, replacement costs, and operation and maintenance costs of the renewable-energy systems, and it does not include any environmentally hazardous energy system. The successful optimization results in terms of levelized energy costs are $0.0538, $0.0614 and $0.0427/kWh for wind, solar and hydrokinetic components, respectively, without any environmental issues.