Evaluation of Aloe elegans Mucilage as a Suspending Agent in Paracetamol Suspension

Background. There are various natural excipients which have been used as suspending agents in pharmaceutical suspensions due to the presence of mucilage in their specialized cells and their capacity to form a colloidal gel in an aqueous medium. Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the suspending capacity of Aloe elegans mucilage in suspension formulations. Materials and Methods. Aloe elegans mucilage (AEM) was evaluated as a suspending agent in comparison with xanthan gum (XG) in paracetamol suspensions at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5% ( w / v ) concentrations. The resulting suspensions were evaluated for their sedimentation volume, apparent viscosity, flow rate, rate of redispersibility, pH, assay, and dissolution profile. Results. The volume of sedimentation, apparent viscosity, and redispersibility rate of the formulations were significantly increased ( p < 0.05 ), with the concentration of the suspending agents. Meanwhile, the apparent viscosity for all formulations has significantly decreased ( p < 0.05 ) with an increase in shear rates. Volume of sedimentation, apparent viscosity, and redispersibility degree of the formulations prepared with AEM were significantly ( p < 0.05 ) lower than XG-containing formulations at the same concentration. Nevertheless, the sedimentation volume of all formulations with AEM was significantly ( p < 0.05 ) higher than the suspension without any suspending agent. With regard to drug content and pH values, all formulations showed an acceptable result with the standards. All formulations showed a release of greater than 85% of drug content within 45 min. Conclusion. Aloe elegans mucilage could have a potential to be utilized as an alternative suspending agent in pharmaceutical suspensions.

Download Full-text

Stability analysis and quantitative evaluation of metronidazole suspension

Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research ◽

10.30750/ijpbr.4.3.2 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (03) ◽

pp. 05-14

Author(s):

Patil P.D ◽

Desai S.R ◽

Disouza J.I

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Drug Release ◽

Antimicrobial Property ◽

Solid Particles ◽

Physicochemical Parameter ◽

Drug Dissolution ◽

Dissolution Profile ◽

Drug Content ◽

Suspending Agents

Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture including solid particles that are satisfactorily bulky for sedimentation. Generally they must be larger than one micrometer. It is when particles are left floating around freely in a solvent. The inner phase (solid) is discrete all through the external phase (fluid) during mechanical stir, with utilizing of certain excipients or suspending agents. Metronidazole or 2-(2 methyl-5 nitro-1 H –imidazol-1 yl) ethanol belongs to the nitro imidazole group of antibiotics whose antimicrobial property through derive from the formation of toxic free radicals by intracellular reduction. The objective of present study was to prepare suspension of Metronidazole by using different suspending agents and stability testing was to provide evidence on how the quality of suspensions varies with the time under of influence of environmental factors such as temperature, light, oxygen, moisture, other ingredient or excipients in the dosage form, particle size of drug, microbial contamination etc. and to establish a recommended storage condition. The FTIR and DSC techniques are use for characterization of active ingredient MBZ. This suspension was evaluated for appearance, pH, sedimentation volume and dissolution study for in vitro drug release. Result of evaluation indicates 1% w/v xanthan gum give optimal characteristic suspension. Suspension containing 1% w/v was exposed for the stability studies as per ICH guidelines. The suspensions were evaluated for their physicochemical parameter, particle size, drug release, drug content and microbiological assessment. The suspension shows good stability at 25ºC ± 2 ºC /60%± 5% RH, 30 ºC ± 2 ºC /65%± 5% RH and good quantitative analysis result throughout the period of study. Suspension stored at 40 ºC ± 2 ºC /75%± 5% RH shows noncompliance with the analysis parameter after 4 week of storage. This indicate high temperature storage was shows degradation of the suspension which results in crystal growth in formulation and affect the physicochemical parameter as Appearance, pH, viscosity, specific gravity, drug dissolution profile and drug content.

Download Full-text

Quality evaluation of minoxidil topical solutions obtained from magistral pharmacies

Drug Analytical Research ◽

10.22456/2527-2616.98396 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 30-35

Author(s):

Karen N. Dartora ◽

Paula C. Bona ◽

Francielli L. Dos Santos ◽

Paula Bianchetti ◽

Renata Vidor Contri

Keyword(s):

Statistical Difference ◽

Quality Evaluation ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Centrifuge Test ◽

Test Drug ◽

Organoleptic Properties ◽

Industrial Sample ◽

Drug Content ◽

Ph Values

The objective of this study was to evaluate quality parameters of magistral topical solutions containing minoxidil (A, B and C), comparing the results with the ones obtained for the industrial formulation. Organoleptic tests, evaluation of the pH and density, centrifuge test, drug content determination, comparison of indicated dosages and in vitro follicular penetration of minoxidil were performed. Regarding the organoleptic properties, differences in color and viscosity were observed between the magistral (composed of minoxidil sulfate) and the industrial formulations (composed of minoxidil base). For pH values, the magistral solutions presented considerably more acidic pH, compared to the industrial sample. For the density test, the samples with the highest ethanol percentages (B and C) presented lower density. In the centrifuge test, none of the samples showed changes. Considering the drug content test, only the industrial sample and the magistral sample C showed drug percentage within the expected (90-110%), indicating lack of correction factor determination by the magistral pharmacies. Furthermore, it was observed that the dosage indicated by the magistral pharmacies do not correspond to the dose indicated by the industry, being significantly lower. All topical solutions tested presented hair follicle penetration of minoxildil, without statistical difference. The results indicate that there is a failure in the magistral pharmacies regarding the production and the indication of dosage of minoxidil topical solutions.

Download Full-text

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF SUSTAINED RELEASE MATRIX TABLET OF LORNOXICAM BY DIRECT COMPRESSION METHOD

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Scientific Innovation ◽

10.7897/2277-4572.105218 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 131-136

Author(s):

Asim pasha ◽

C N Somashekhar

Keyword(s):

Drug Release ◽

Sustained Release ◽

Matrix Tablets ◽

In Vitro Dissolution ◽

Prolonged Release ◽

Matrix Tablet ◽

Direct Compression ◽

Dissolution Profile ◽

Drug Content

The aim of the present work was to develop sustained release Lornoxicam matrix tablets with polymers like HPMC K15M, Ethyl cellulose, and Crospovidone as carriers in varying quantities. Direct compression was used to make matrix tablets. Various assessment parameters, such as hardness, friability, thickness, percent drug content, weight variation, and so on, were applied to the prepared formulations. In vitro dissolution studies were carried out for 24 hrs. The tablets were subjected to in-vitro drug release in (pH 1.2) for first 2 hrs. Then followed by (pH 6.8) phosphate buffer for next 22 hrs. And the results showed that among the six formulations FL3 showed good dissolution profile to control the drug release respectively. The drug and polymer compatibility were tested using FT-IR spectroscopy, which revealed that the drug was compatible with all polymers. It is also required to design an appropriate prolonged release formulation for Lornoxicam in order to maintain the drug's release. Hence by using the compatible polymers sustained release tablets were formulated and subjected for various types of evaluation parameters like friability, hardness, drug content and dissolution behaviour. Finally, the findings reveal that the prepared sustained release matrix tablets of lornoxicam have improved efficacy and patient compliance.

Download Full-text

EFFECT OF DRUG TO B-CYCLODEXTRIN RATIO AND METHOD OF COMPLEXATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF B-CYCLODEXTRIN INCLUSION COMPLEX OF OFLOXACIN

INDIAN DRUGS ◽

10.53879/id.50.12.p0034 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 50 (12) ◽

pp. 34-40

Author(s):

M Panchpuri ◽

◽

D Singh ◽

A Semalty ◽

M. Semalty

Keyword(s):

Inclusion Complex ◽

In Vitro Dissolution ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Dissolution Profile ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Dissolution Study ◽

Drug Content ◽

Kneading Method ◽

Made In

Ofloxacin, a second generation fluoroquinolone, shows poor aqueous solubility and dissolution profile. Thus, ofloxacin–β-cyclodextrin complexes were prepared to improve its dissolution by imparting an environment of improved hydrophilicity. Ofloxacin was complexed with β-cyclodextrin (in 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratio) by two different methods namely, solvent evaporation and kneading method. These inclusion complexes were evaluated for solubility, drug content, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and in vitro dissolution study. The highest drug content (35.45%) was found in complex made by kneading method (OK1:1) in 1:1 molar ratio. All the complexes OSE1:1, OSE1:2, OK1:1, OK1:2 were found to be showing rough and porous surface morphology in SEM. Solubility as well as the dissolution of the complexes was found to be improved. Complex prepared by kneading method in 1:1 molar ratio (OK1:1) showed a marked improvement in percent drug release (88.94%) than that of pure drug (54.22%) at the end of 1 hour in dissolution study. FTIR, DSC and XRPD data confirmed the formation of inclusion complex. It was concluded that the complex made in 1:1 molar ratio (irrespective of the method) showed better solubility and dissolution profile as compared to complex made in 1:2 molar ratio.

Download Full-text

Effects of Flow Properties of Lithium Soap Greases on Bearing Torque

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.823.123 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 823 ◽

pp. 123-127

Author(s):

Norifumi Miyanaga ◽

Mitsumi Nihei ◽

Jun Tomioka

Keyword(s):

Apparent Viscosity ◽

Small Amplitude ◽

Shear Stresses ◽

Flow Properties ◽

Small Amplitude Oscillatory Shear ◽

Small Ball ◽

Shear Rates ◽

Lithium Soap ◽

Viscoelastic Behaviors ◽

Plate Type

This study describes the influence of flow properties of lithium soap greases on torque of small ball bearings. Three types of greases with different worked penetration were tested in this study. Their rheological properties are revealed by a cone plate type rheometer. Shear stresses under various shear rates are fitted with the Herschel-Bulkley equation. In addition, viscoelastic behaviors of the greases are measured by small amplitude oscillatory shear. The crossover stress that means the shear stress at G’=G” is obtained for the greases. Then, the bearing torque when three types of greases are used as a lubricant is measured. As the results, the grease with higher crossover stress shows the lower bearing torque regardless of that it has larger apparent viscosity. On the other hand, the grease with lower crossover stress shows the higher bearing torque regardless of that it has lower apparent viscosity. These results imply that the channeling state appears in the grease with higher crossover stress while the churning state appears in the grease with lower crossover stress.

Download Full-text

Rheological Behavior of Agar Solution in Relation to the Making of Instant Edible Bird's Nest products

International Journal of Food Engineering ◽

10.1515/1556-3758.2670 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lu Zhang ◽

Liming Che ◽

Weibiao Zhou ◽

Xiao Dong Chen

Keyword(s):

Apparent Viscosity ◽

Arrhenius Equation ◽

Fluid Model ◽

Empirical Correlations ◽

Shear Rates ◽

Agar Solution ◽

Liquid Material ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Edible Bird’S Nest ◽

Rotary Viscometer

Abstract Agar solution has been used in industry as a background liquid material for the production of instant Edible Birds Nest products. In this work, the rheological properties of agar solution were studied, especially the effect of shear rate, agar concentration and temperature, respectively, on the apparent viscosity of the agar solution. A HAAKE rotary viscometer was used. Results indicated that the agar solution exhibited shear-thinning behavior following the power law fluid model. Its apparent viscosity increased exponentially with an increase of solid concentration, and decreased with a rise of temperature. The independence of viscosity on temperature followed Arrhenius equation. Reasonable empirical correlations between the apparent viscosity of the agar solution for different temperatures, shear rates and different concentrations are proposed respectively.

Download Full-text