Prevalence and Associated Factors of Depression among Pregnant Mothers Who Had Intimate Partner Violence during Pregnancy Attending Antenatal Care at Gondar University Hospital Northwest Ethiopia in 2020

Background. Antenatal depression is the major obstetric problem that led to significant maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in the third world. However, in Ethiopia this prevalence and association were not studied, as result, this study investigated the prevalence and associated factors of antenatal depression among pregnant mothers who had intimate partner violence during pregnancy. Methodology. An institution-based cross-sectional study was done among 409 pregnant mothers who had intimate partner violence during pregnancy from May to July 2019 at Gondar University Hospital. All pregnant mothers who came for ANC follow-up during the study period approached for screening of intimate partner violence during pregnancy using standard and validated screening method and instrument of the WHO multicountry study on women’s health and domestic violence to evaluate intimate partner violence, and we use EPDS for the evaluation of antenatal depression validated in Ethiopia with a cut point of 13. Result. Prevalence of depression among pregnant mothers who had any form of intimate partner violence during pregnancy was 35%: physical abuse ( AOR = 1.8 ; 95% CI: 1.19, 3.30), more than one type of abuse ( AOR = 10.18 ; 95% CI: 7.10, 16.18), poor social support ( AOR = 5.81 ; 95% CI: 1.12, 13.12), and pregnant mothers whose partner drunk for the past twelve months ( AOR = 7.16 ; 95% CI: 183, 8.00) were significantly associated with antenatal depression. Conclusion. High prevalence of antenatal depression among pregnant mothers who had intimate partner violence during pregnancy was highly associated with physical abuse, more than one type of abuse, lack of social support, and partner of pregnant mothers who is a drunk. Hence, this is important to create a screening program and prevention strategy of intimate partner violence during pregnancy at the time of antenatal follow-up to prevent and early identify its morbidity and mortality.

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Magnitude and associated factors of antenatal depression among mothers attending antenatal care in Arba Minch town, Ethiopia, 2018

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0260691 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (12) ◽

pp. e0260691

Author(s):

Eskedar Demissie Beketie ◽

HaileMariam Berhe Kahsay ◽

Fiseha Girma Nigussie ◽

Wubishet Tesfaye Tafese

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Antenatal Care ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Antenatal Depression ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

P Value ◽

Pregnant Mothers

Background Depression is a common mental disorder. The burden of antenatal depression is higher in developing countries which is 20% as compared to developed ones 10% to 15%. In Ethiopia around one-fifth of pregnant mothers are depressed. Despite the severity of the problem, only a few studies have been done in Ethiopia, and there is no study done in Arba Minch on the problem. Objective To assess the magnitude and associated factors of antenatal depressive symptoms among pregnant women attending Public Health facilities in Arba Minch town Southern Nations and Nationalities Peoples Region, Ethiopia 2018. Methods Health Institution based, cross-sectional study design was used to assess the magnitude and associated factors of antenatal depression among 323 pregnant mothers who came for antenatal care follow-up in all public health facilities in Arba Minch town. The systematic random sampling technique was applied. Interviewer administered, pretested structured Questionnaire containing Edinburgh postpartum depression scale was utilized. EPI INFO was used to enter data and then the data were analyzed by logistic regression using SPSS. Variables with P-value less than 0.2 in the bivariate logistic regression were inserted in for multivariable analysis to see their independent effect and those with P-value less than 0.05 were used to determine the significant association between dependent and independent variables. Result The magnitude of antenatal depression was 35.4%. Variables that were significantly associated with antenatal depression on multivariate analysis were anxiety (AOR = 5.49, 95%CI: 2.56, 11.77), un-planned pregnancy (AOR = 2.71, 95%CI: 1.21, 6.07), and Primigravida (AOR = 2.96, 95%CI: 1.28, 6.8). Similarly, uneducated mothers and those who attend only elementary school had AOR 4.92, 95% CI 1.36,17.73 and AOR 4.04955CI 1.23, 13.39 respectively. Conclusion The magnitude of antenatal depression, intimate partner violence, and threatening life event in Arba Minch town was high. Anxiety, unplanned pregnancy, educational status, and Primigravida were significantly associated factors with depression. There should be a mechanism for routine screening and management of antenatal depression and intimate partner violence during antenatal care follow-up.

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A Follow-Up Study on the Continuity and Spillover Effects of Intimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy on Postnatal Child Abuse

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260518821460 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 088626051882146 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sachiko Kita ◽

Ko Ling Chan ◽

Hiromi Tobe ◽

Mayu Hayashi ◽

Kaori Umeshita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Child Abuse ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Spillover Effects ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Follow Up Study ◽

Violence During Pregnancy

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Violence and depression among pregnant women in Egypt

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth ◽

10.1186/s12884-021-03932-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hanan M. Ghoneim ◽

Mohamed Elprince ◽

Tamer Yehia M. Ali ◽

Waleed F. Gharieb ◽

Amal A. Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Sexual Violence ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Strong Association ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

University Hospital ◽

P Value ◽

Significant Difference ◽

History Of

Abstract Background Depression is a serious mental health disorder that might affect women in the childbearing period. Incidences increase during pregnancy as well as after delivery. Its association with intimate partner violence (defined as physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former partner) has been reported in many countries. Data about this sensitive issue are lacking in Egypt. The aim of the study was to determine the relation between intimate partner violence and depression during pregnancy. Methods This was a case control study conducted at the outpatient clinics in Suez Canal University hospital, from January 2019 to March 2020. The study included two groups, the study group included women exposed to violence during the current pregnancy and a control one included women with no history of violence. Both groups were recruited according to the predetermined inclusion criteria (women aged 18-45 years, continuous marital relationship, no history of depression in current or previous pregnancies, and singleton pregnancy). Women were asked to complete the Arabic validated NorVold Domestic Abuse Questionnaire (measuring four types of abuse: emotional, physical, sexual, and violence in the health care system, the last one being excluded). Depression was evaluated using the Arabic validated form of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (comprises 10 questions that represent patients’ feelings in the last 7 days). The main outcome measure was to assess the association between intimate partner violence and depression. Results We recruited 158 women in each group. Both groups were matched in their demographic characters. Although emotional violence was reported prominently among women exposed to IPV 87.9% (139/158), it was not significantly reported in depressed women (P value 0.084). Physical and sexual violence were significantly reported among depressed women (P value 0.022 and 0.001, respectively). There was a significant difference between women exposed to violence and those who were not exposed to violence in the total depression scores (13.63 ± 5.47 and 10.65 ± 5.44, respectively with a p value < 0.001). Emotional (p value < 0.001) and sexual violence (mild and severe with p value of 0.026 and 0.002 respectively) had significant roles as risk factors for depression during pregnancy in single regression and after control of other confounders. Conclusion There was a strong association between intimate partner violence and depression during pregnancy.

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The role of intimate partner violence victimization during pregnancy on maternal postpartum depression in Eastern Ethiopia

SAGE Open Medicine ◽

10.1177/2050312121989493 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 205031212198949

Author(s):

Wondimye Ashenafi ◽

Bezatu Mengistie ◽

Gudina Egata ◽

Yemane Berhane

Keyword(s):

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Postpartum Depression ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Prevalence Ratio ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Eastern Ethiopia ◽

Physical Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Violence During Pregnancy ◽

Maternal Postpartum Depression

Background: Intimate partner violence during pregnancy is a strong predictor of maternal postpartum depression. In Ethiopia, evidence on the association of intimate partner violence during pregnancy with postpartum depression is very limited. To design appropriate intervention, it is thus important to understand how postpartum depression varies as a function of the type and severity of intimate partner violence victimization during pregnancy. The aim of this study is to explore the association of different types of intimate partner violence during pregnancy and its severity with postpartum depression in Eastern Ethiopia. Method: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to October 2018. The study included a sample of 3015 postpartum women residing in Eastern Ethiopia. The cutoff point for postpartum depression was defined as ⩾13 points according to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The prevalence ratio with 95% confidence intervals was calculated, and the association between the main predictor (i.e. intimate partner violence during pregnancy) and the outcome variable (postpartum depression) was determined using log binomial regression model. Results: 16.3% (95% confidence interval: 14.9–17.7) of women experienced postpartum depression. After controlling potential confounding factors, the prevalence of postpartum depression among women exposed to severe physical intimate partner violence during pregnancy was 1.98 times higher as compared to those not exposed to physical intimate partner violence during pregnancy (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.98; 95% confidence interval: 1.53–2.54). Exposure to psychological intimate partner violence during pregnancy was found to increase the prevalence of postpartum depression by 1.79 as compared to non-exposure to psychological intimate partner violence during pregnancy (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.79; 95% confidence interval: 1.48–2.18). Conclusion: The study provides evidence that psychological and severe physical intimate partner violence during pregnancy were significantly associated with maternal postpartum depression. Screening of pregnant women for intimate partner violence and providing them the necessary support can minimize the risk to postpartum depression.

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