Public Understanding of Coercive Control in Northern Ireland

Coercive control is characterised by negative behaviours which intimidate, threaten, and humiliate a person or restrict a person’s liberty. In addition to being a known risk factor for experiencing other forms of violence, research has linked coercive control to symptoms of psychological distress and suicidality. In the UK, coercive and controlling behaviours within intimate and familial relationships have been legislated as offending behaviours. However, there still exists a lack of international evidence on wider public knowledge and understanding of coercive control. The Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey (NILT) is an annual cross-sectional representative survey of social policy topics. Participants are adults aged 18 years or over. Concerning coercive control, respondents were presented with two relationship scenarios: obvious and less obvious coercive control. Following each scenario, respondents indicated their level of agreement to ten statements covering attitudes towards coercive control, victims of coercive control, talking about coercive control, and whether coercive control is a crime. Respondents indicated whether they had heard of the term ‘coercive control’. Predictors of coercive control awareness were assessed using multinomial logistic regression. Mixed analysis of variance assessed if agreement levels to the ten statements varied by type of coercive control and victim gender. Most respondents said that they had heard of the term coercive control and knew what it meant. Those who had not heard of coercive control at all were more likely to be on a lower income, less qualified and younger, when compared to those who said they knew what the term meant. Significant interactions between coercive control type and victim gender were evident for all ten statements. While most respondents are aware of the term coercive control, a significant number have not and are therefore unlikely to recognise the signs of this type of abuse.

The ‘Court of Public Opinion:’ Public Perceptions of Business Involvement in Human Rights Violations

Public pressure is essential for providing multinational enterprises (MNEs) with motivation to follow the standards of human rights conduct set in soft law instruments, such as the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. But how does the public judge MNE involvement in human rights violations? We empirically answer this question drawing on an original survey of American adults. We asked respondents to judge over 12,000 randomly generated scenarios in which MNEs may be considered to have been involved in human rights violations. Our findings reveal substantial gaps between public judgments and the standards set in soft law and the normative literature. We identify the attributes of episodes of human rights violations involving MNEs that influence public judgments, including the relationship between the MNE and the perpetrator, the practice of due diligence, and the type of abuse. These results provide insights as to when we might expect public pressure to drive MNE compliance with soft law instruments, and they direct attention to specific standards that will likely require stronger, ‘hard’ law approaches or broader efforts to shift the public’s view.

ASSÉDIO MORAL : UM OLHAR PARA SAÚDE MENTAL DO TRABALHADOR

Moral harassment is a complex phenomenon and a reality faced in the workplace, it is a type of abuse that involves ethical principles, which can compromise the quality of life of workers, leading them to diseases and suffering in the workplace. This study describes a systematic bibliographic review search, using the following descriptors: "mental health of the worker", "moral harassment at work" and "health psychology". The results presented show that the consequences of bullying have been of great interest to several researchers, and that in general it involves some damage to safety and health at work and not only the individual issue of mental health. It is hoped that this study can contribute to reflections and debates about the impact of moral harassment on workers' health, allowing visibility of a theme that is little addressed and conveyed in the work environments themselves.

The Evolution of Classical Evaluation Standards in Competition Law: The Legal Assessment of Tying in View of Challenges Raised by Digital Markets

This paper provides a detailed review of evaluation standards for the legal assessment of tying. This practice, which constitutes an abuse of a dominant position, is a significant breach of competition law. The mechanism of this type of abuse is based on taking advantage of market power in the supply of one product to create packed offerings capable of precluding competition from superior rival solutions. Tying occurs when one product, the “tying product”, is sold only with another product, the “tied product”. In the prevailing number of cases, tying serves to consolidate the company’s dominant position on the tied product market, which usually aims to share the tying product’s large customer group with the less-desired product. However, tying is not illegal per se. In many cases, it does not lead to any anti-competitive concerns, and might be beneficial for consumers. This is why each assessment of this conduct must be carefully evaluated with special attention given to the effects, in accordance with the generally applied effect-based approach, and also potential efficiencies. An analysis of the case-law and literature reveals the basic mechanisms for conducting a legal assessment of tying. However, the use of these mechanisms will not be possible without their adaptation to the ongoing changes caused by technological development. Digital markets not only generate incremental revenues, but are also the sources of new or unusual legal arrangements. It will more frequently be the case that existing provisions will not be able to address every new practice accurately without new acts. The Digital Markets Act aims to adapt the existing legal framework to contemporary market realities and to become a modern tool for enforcing competition law rules on digital markets. The European Commission is seeking to broaden its powers to intervene at the earliest possible stage, before an undertaking affects the competition on a market.

Abuse Issue in Labor Relations

Based on an analysis of the provisions of the legislation, the law enforcement acts of the courts, the essence of the legal phenomenon of abuse, as well as the problems associated with the application of provisions on abuse of law in the field of labor legal relations, are investigated. Based on examples from judicial practice, the paper substantiates the absence of a formally defined approach to the application of the principle of inadmissibility of abuse, as well as its superficial understanding. The paper reveals the issues of theoretical heterogeneity of the intersectoral concept of abuse of law in domestic science, as well as the understanding of the concept of "abuse" and its elements existing in the science of labor law. In addition, the possibility of highlighting this type of abuse as abuse of power (opportunities) is being considered. The expediency of the development of an integrated cross[1] sectoral system of views and legal norms in relation to abuse in law is substantiated, giving answers to questions about the place of abuse in the system of legal behavior, its means and the system of effective measures of responsibility.

Intimate Partner Violence in the Middle East Region: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background and Objective: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a clinical and social problem globally, especially in the Middle East. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of IPV and its types against women in the Middle East region. Method: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched in January 2020. From 1995 to 2020, all studies performed in the Middle East, investigating at least one type of abuse against women and written in English, entered the study. All included studies were appraised using Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist, which was adapted for prevalence studies. The random effect model of meta-analysis was performed using the Mantel–Haenszel method by comprehensive meta-analysis software. Each type of abuse as event rate with 95% CI was calculated for each variable. Heterogeneity was investigated using the I 2 statistic test. Results: Fifty-five studies encompassing 138,692 participants were included in our meta-analysis. The rate of overall abuse was 26.3 ( n = 55, 95% CI: [15.8, 40.5], p = .002). The highest rate of abuse in the included studies was reported for psychological abuse 48.6% ( n = 46, 95% CI: [39.8, 57.5], p = .758). The rate of abuse for physical, economical, sexual, and injury were 28.4% ( n = 53, 95% CI: [22.1, 35.7], p = .0001), 19% ( n = 10, 95% CI: [9.8, 33.7], p = .0001), 18.5% ( n = 45, 95% CI: [13.6, 24.6], p = .0001), and 18.4% ( n = 5, 95% CI: [7.1, 40.2], p = 0.008), respectively. The overall abuse reported by World Health Organization Multi-Country Domestic Violence (DV)Questionnaire was 25.7% ( n = 17, 95% CI: [18.4, 34.7], p = .0001). This value was 41.8% ( n = 11, 95% CI: [29.7, 55], p = .223) for the Conflict Tactics Scale Questionnaire. Conclusion: Although this review highlights the lack of or insufficient IPV data in some contexts and inconsistencies in defining and measuring IPV among studies, the evidence shows that a moderate to high pattern of abuse has been observed in the study population. Due to this region’s unique cultural-religious characteristics, it is urgent to reduce this phenomenon.

SOME ASPECTS OF THE CRIMINOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ECONOMIC CRIME

Статья посвящена анализу типичных свойств личности субъектов, совершающих экономические преступления. При этом подчеркивается высокий уровень латентности злоупотреблений данного вида, что осложняет их выявление. Обосновывается тезис, что выделенные черты способны создать основу программы пропедевтики. The article is devoted to the analysis of typical personality traits of subjects who commit economic crimes. At the same time, the high level of latency of this type of abuse is emphasized, which complicates their detection. The thesis is substantiated that the selected features are able to create the basis of a propaedeutics program.

ANALYSIS OF CRIMINOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF OFFICIAL CRIMES

Статья посвящена анализу типичных свойств личности субъектов, совершающих должностные преступления. При этом подчеркивается высокий уровень латентности злоупотреблений данного вида, что осложняет их выявление. Обосновывается тезис, что выделенные черты способны создать основу программы пропедевтики. The article is devoted to the analysis of typical personality traits of subjects who commit official crimes. At the same time, the high level of latency of this type of abuse is emphasized, which complicates their detection. The thesis is substantiated that the selected features are able to create the basis of a propaedeutics program.

Child Sexual Abuse in Mexican Women: Type of Experience, Age, Perpetrator, and Disclosure

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a type of maltreatment that occurs in practically all countries and social statuses. Due to the taboo and shame that surrounds it, CSA is a problem universally silenced despite the important consequences (both physical and psychological) that it has for the victim and their family. This work aimed to study the correlates of CSA in Mexican women. Our sample comprised 1058 women ranged from 18 to 73 years (M = 40.19; SD = 10.24). They completed an anonymous online survey including questions about all the different types of abuse, questions about who perpetrated it, at what age it happened, and whether the victim disclosed the abuse. Our results showed that, depending on the type of abuse, from 13.9% to 65.8% of the participants had suffered at least one episode of CSA throughout their childhood. The first episode typically occurred between 6 and 12 years old, with the perpetrator being a male. The youngest women reported higher rates of being shown pornography by a family member, whereas the oldest ones reported higher rates of exhibitionism by a stranger. Only 31.3% of the sample disclosed the abuse, usually to their mother or a peer. Differences among the correlates of the different types of abuse, the age of the victims, and the relationship with the perpetrator are discussed as well as the victims’ feelings of being believed when they disclosed the abuse.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Depression among Pregnant Mothers Who Had Intimate Partner Violence during Pregnancy Attending Antenatal Care at Gondar University Hospital Northwest Ethiopia in 2020

Background. Antenatal depression is the major obstetric problem that led to significant maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in the third world. However, in Ethiopia this prevalence and association were not studied, as result, this study investigated the prevalence and associated factors of antenatal depression among pregnant mothers who had intimate partner violence during pregnancy. Methodology. An institution-based cross-sectional study was done among 409 pregnant mothers who had intimate partner violence during pregnancy from May to July 2019 at Gondar University Hospital. All pregnant mothers who came for ANC follow-up during the study period approached for screening of intimate partner violence during pregnancy using standard and validated screening method and instrument of the WHO multicountry study on women’s health and domestic violence to evaluate intimate partner violence, and we use EPDS for the evaluation of antenatal depression validated in Ethiopia with a cut point of 13. Result. Prevalence of depression among pregnant mothers who had any form of intimate partner violence during pregnancy was 35%: physical abuse ( AOR = 1.8 ; 95% CI: 1.19, 3.30), more than one type of abuse ( AOR = 10.18 ; 95% CI: 7.10, 16.18), poor social support ( AOR = 5.81 ; 95% CI: 1.12, 13.12), and pregnant mothers whose partner drunk for the past twelve months ( AOR = 7.16 ; 95% CI: 183, 8.00) were significantly associated with antenatal depression. Conclusion. High prevalence of antenatal depression among pregnant mothers who had intimate partner violence during pregnancy was highly associated with physical abuse, more than one type of abuse, lack of social support, and partner of pregnant mothers who is a drunk. Hence, this is important to create a screening program and prevention strategy of intimate partner violence during pregnancy at the time of antenatal follow-up to prevent and early identify its morbidity and mortality.