scholarly journals Expression of Killer Immunoglobulin Receptor Genes among HIV-Infected Individuals with Non-AIDS Comorbidities

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Farouk F. Abou Hassan ◽  
Mirna Bou Hamdan ◽  
Khalil El Asmar ◽  
Nada M. Melhem
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Killer Cell ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Immunoglobulin Receptor ◽  
Combined Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Immunoglobulin Receptors

Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) increased the life expectancy of people living with HIV (PLHIV) and remarkably reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infection. However, non-AIDS associated comorbidities including diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are increasingly reported among PLHIV receiving cART. Killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIRs) expressed on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells have been previously implicated in controlling HIV disease progression. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of KIRs in developing non-AIDS associated comorbidities among PLHIV. Demographic and behavioral data were collected from voluntary participants using a standardized questionnaire. Whole blood samples were collected for KIR genotyping. Hypertension (29.5%) and hyperlipidemia (29.5%) followed by diabetes (23.7%) and CVD (9.7%) were mainly reported among our study participants with higher rate of comorbid conditions observed among participants > 40 years old. The observed KIR frequency (OF) was ≥90% for inhibitory KIR2DL1 and KIR3DL1, activating KIR2DS4 and the pseudogene KIR2DP1 among study participants. We detected significant differences in the expression of KIR3DS4 and KIR3DL1 ( p = 0.038 ) between diabetic and nondiabetic and in the expression of KIR2DL3 between hypertensive and normotensive HIV-infected individuals ( p = 0.047 ). Moreover, KIR2DL1 and KIR2DP1 were associated with significantly reduced odds of having CVD (OR 0.08; 95% CI: 0.01-0.69; p = 0.022 ). Our study suggests the potential role of KIR in predisposition to non-AIDS comorbidities among PLHIV and underscores the need for more studies to further elucidate the role of KIRs in this population.

scholarly journals Immunophilin Ligands Modulate Phagocytosis and Viral 2 Replication in HIV-Infected Macrophages

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anish Sathe ◽  
Ana Sanchez ◽  
Benchawanna Soontornniyomkij ◽  
Mary Swinton ◽  
Shibangi Pal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Replication ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Macrophage Phenotype ◽  
Brain Macrophages ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Living With Hiv

Abstract (1) Background: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) can occur as a result of HIV-mediated neuroinflammation and affect people living with HIV (PWH) despite advances in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Brain macrophages have been implicated as a source of virus and neurotoxic factors. In this study, we examined the potential role of the immunophilin ligands rapamycin and FK506 in modulating neuroinflammation caused by infected macrophages. (2) Methods: Monocytes were isolated from blood samples from three different blood donors and were differentiated into macrophages (MDMs). These cells were subsequently infected with HIV and treated with combinations of an antiretroviral (ARV) cocktail (raltegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir), FK506, and rapamycin. Immunocytochemistry and RT-qPCR were used to analyze the phagocytosis of amyloid beta and the expression of macrophage phenotype-associated markers such as Iba1, TREM2, and IL-6. Viral replication was measured using p24 ELISA. (3) Results: Viral replication among infected MDMs as indicated by p24 levels was positively correlated with Iba1 levels and negatively correlated with IL-6 expression. However, infected MDMs showed lower Iba1 levels than non-infected cells. Rapamycin treatment appeared to lower p24 levels across all donors. Phagocytosis was associated with higher Iba1 levels and was impaired in rapamycin-treated MDMs. (4) Conclusions: Rapamycin seemed to protect against viral replication. However, decreased replication was correlated with a decrease in phagocytic activity. Iba1 may be involved in phagocytosis and HIV infection while IL-6 appeared to indicate protective effects against replication.

scholarly journals Recent advances in HIV-associated Kaposi sarcoma

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessia Dalla Pria ◽  
David J. Pinato ◽  
Margherita Bracchi ◽  
Mark Bower
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Kaposi Sarcoma ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Current Management ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Living With Hiv

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a mesenchymal tumour caused by KS-associated herpesvirus and is an AIDS-defining illness. Despite a decline in incidence since the introduction of combination anti-retroviral therapy, KS remains the most common cancer in people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, where it causes significant morbidity and mortality. This review reflects on recent epidemiological data as well as current management, unmet needs and future perspectives in the treatment of HIV-associated KS with particular emphasis on the potential role of immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Comparison of Clinical Outcomes of Persons Living With HIV by Enrollment Status in Washington, DC: Evaluation of a Large Longitudinal HIV Cohort Study (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenevieve Opoku ◽  
Rupali K Doshi ◽  
Amanda D Castel ◽  
Ian Sorensen ◽  
Michael Horberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Persons Living With Hiv ◽  
Living With Hiv

BACKGROUND HIV cohort studies have been used to assess health outcomes and inform the care and treatment of people living with HIV disease. However, there may be similarities and differences between cohort participants and the general population from which they are drawn. OBJECTIVE The objective of this analysis was to compare people living with HIV who have and have not been enrolled in the DC Cohort study and assess whether participants are a representative citywide sample of people living with HIV in the District of Columbia (DC). METHODS Data from the DC Health (DCDOH) HIV surveillance system and the DC Cohort study were matched to identify people living with HIV who were DC residents and had consented for the study by the end of 2016. Analysis was performed to identify differences between DC Cohort and noncohort participants by demographics and comorbid conditions. HIV disease stage, receipt of care, and viral suppression were evaluated. Adjusted logistic regression assessed correlates of health outcomes between the two groups. RESULTS There were 12,964 known people living with HIV in DC at the end of 2016, of which 40.1% were DC Cohort participants. Compared with nonparticipants, participants were less likely to be male (68.0% vs 74.9%, <i>P</i>&lt;.001) but more likely to be black (82.3% vs 69.5%, <i>P</i>&lt;.001) and have a heterosexual contact HIV transmission risk (30.3% vs 25.9%, <i>P</i>&lt;.001). DC Cohort participants were also more likely to have ever been diagnosed with stage 3 HIV disease (59.6% vs 47.0%, <i>P</i>&lt;.001), have a CD4 &lt;200 cells/µL in 2017 (6.2% vs 4.6%, <i>P</i>&lt;.001), be retained in any HIV care in 2017 (72.9% vs 59.4%, <i>P</i>&lt;.001), and be virally suppressed in 2017. After adjusting for demographics, DC Cohort participants were significantly more likely to have received care in 2017 (adjusted odds ratio 1.8, 95% CI 1.70-2.00) and to have ever been virally suppressed (adjusted odds ratio 1.3, 95% CI 1.20-1.40). CONCLUSIONS These data have important implications when assessing the representativeness of patients enrolled in clinic-based cohorts compared with the DC-area general HIV population. As participants continue to enroll in the DC Cohort study, ongoing assessment of representativeness will be required.

The role of cannabis in pain management among people living with HIV who use drugs: A qualitative study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koharu Loulou Chayama ◽  
Jenna Valleriani ◽  
Cara Ng ◽  
Rebecca Haines‐Saah ◽  
Rielle Capler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Management ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Living With Hiv

scholarly journals The essential role of physiotherapists in providing rehabilitation services to people living with HIV in South Africa

2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Cobbing ◽  
V. Chetty ◽  
J. Hanass-Hancock ◽  
J. Jelsma ◽  
H. Myezwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Hiv Epidemic ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Education Courses

Despite increased access to highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in South Africa, there remains a high risk of people living with HIV (PLHIV) developing a wide range of disabilities. Physiotherapists are trained to rehabilitate individuals with the disabilities related to HIV. Not only can South African physiotherapists play a significant role in improving the lives of PLHIV, but by responding proactively to the HIV epidemic they can reinforce the relevance and value of the profession in this country at a time when many newly qualified therapists are unable to secure employment. This paper offers recommendations that may help to fuel this response. These ideas include enhancing HIV curricula at a tertiary level, designing and attending continuing education courses on HIV and researching Southern African rehabilitation interventions for HIV at all levels of practice. furthermore, it is vital that physiotherapists are at the forefront of directing multi-disciplinary responses to the rehabilitation of PLHIV in order to influence stakeholders who are responsible for health policy formulation. it is hoped that this paper stimulates discussion and further ideas amongst physiotherapists and other health professionals in order to improve the quality and access to care available to PLHIV in South Africa.

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