The Relationship of Poor Linear Growth Velocity with Neonatal Illness and Two-Year Neurodevelopment in Preterm Infants

A growing body of literature supports the relationship of maternal inflammation with preterm birth and adverse neonatal outcomes, including infection and central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction. Mediators of inflammation, most notably proinflammatory cytokines, have been implicated as having an association with and perhaps playing a causal role in the pathogenesis, leading to adverse neonatal outcomes. Even though the association of cytokines with early adverse neonatal outcomes has been actively pursued as a line of research, there has been little integration of diverse findings across studies. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to appraise and classify empirical evidence from human studies for the association of cytokine levels in blood (serum, plasma, or cells; maternal, cord, or neonatal) with two adverse early outcomes in preterm infants: early infection and increased risk of neurologic damage. The review revealed that the proinflammatory cytokines most frequently linked with sepsis are in the interleukin (IL) 1 family as well as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and IL-6. The proinflammatory cytokines most frequently linked to neurologic insult in the reviewed studies were IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. In all cases where IL-1β was studied, the levels were increased when there was neurologic insult. A better understanding of the relationship of these inflammatory substances with these adverse conditions is needed for the future development of maternal and neonatal biobehavioral nursing research.

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The Relationship of Early Behaviour to Later Developmental Outcome for Preterm Children

International Journal of Behavioral Development ◽

10.1177/016502549601900304 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 517-532 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jaroslava Dittrichová ◽

Václav Břicháček ◽

František Mandys ◽

Karel Paul ◽

Daniela Sobotková ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Environment ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Early Identification ◽

Developmental Outcomes ◽

First Year ◽

The Social ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

The present study aimed, first, to analyse in detail early sleep states in 21 preterm infants born before the 33rd week of gestational age and compare them with sleep states in 23 fullterm infants assessed at gestationally matched ages in the first six months. Second, to determine whether analyses of early sleep states in preterm infants may enable identification of infants with future developmental disabilities. In addition to evaluations of perinatal risk factors, neurological condition, psychological development, and social environment during the first year of life, examinations of psychological and neurological development and the assessment of the social environment at 3 and 9 years were carried out. Measures of perinatal status and sleep states up to the age of 40 weeks gestational age did not correlate with outcome measures at 3 and 9 years. However, the polygraphic measures of sleep states at 12 and 24 weeks corrected age, predicted the 3-year developmental outcomes. The complexity of these measures may contribute to their predictive validity for the outcomes at 3 years. Measures of the social environment at 3 and 9 years contributed significantly to the prediction of 9-year developmental outcomes. These results indicate that environmental factors may become more important with age. The detailed analysis of early sleep patterns may enable the early identification of infants who need special care and intervention.

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THE RELATIONSHIP OF MEDICAL EVENTS TO DEVELOPMENT IN A GROUP OF PRETERM INFANTS

Pediatric Research ◽

10.1203/00006450-197704000-00236 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 408-408 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bruce Littman ◽

Arthur H Parmelee

Keyword(s):

Preterm Infants ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

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Analysis of the Relationship of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 to the Growth Velocity and Feeding of Healthy Infants

Pediatric Research ◽

10.1038/pr.2011.583 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 70 ◽

pp. 358-358

Author(s):

X Wang ◽

J Qi ◽

Y Guan

Keyword(s):

Growth Factor ◽

Growth Velocity ◽

Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽

Healthy Infants ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

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The Relationship of Height and Weight Velocities of Adolescent Boys to the Total Hydroxyproline:Creatinine Ratio in Their Random Urines

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0440359 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 44 (4) ◽

pp. 359-365 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

B. A. Wharton ◽

G. Gough ◽

C. A. Pennock

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Growth Velocity ◽

Adolescent Boys ◽

Short Period ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Sequential Studies

1. The total hydroxyproline:creatinine ratios in random urines collected every 3 months for 1 year from twenty-six adolescent boys (11–14 years) have been compared with the observed height and weight velocities of the boys during that year. 2. There were significant correlations of both height and weight velocities over 6 and 12 month periods with the ratios in the random urines collected during the same period. 3. The ratio in most boys fell from July to April and then rose during the final 3 months of the study. Sequential changes in the ratio correlated significantly with sequential changes in growth velocity (i.e. acceleration or deceleration) but the changes in the ratio occurring throughout the year could not be wholly explained by variation in growth rate. 4. The urinary total hydroxyproline:creatinine ratio is probably most useful as an index of growth rate in comparisons between children studied over the same period of time, or in sequential studies of the same child over a short period. In long-term sequential studies allowances must be made for factors other than growth velocity so that interpretation is more difficult.

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The relationship of active ghrelin levels and intrauterine growth in preterm infants

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-11-0607 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 166 (3) ◽

pp. 399-405 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Hamilcikan Sahin ◽

Tugba Erener ◽

Ethem Erginoz ◽

Mehmet Vural ◽

Barbaros Ilikkan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

Negative Correlation ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Elisa Method ◽

Intrauterine Growth ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

ObjectiveWe examined the association of active ghrelin levels with birth weight, sex, and gestational age (GA) in small for GA (SGA) and appropriate for GA (AGA) preterm infants.MethodsActive ghrelin levels were measured by ELISA method during the first five postnatal days in 38 preterm SGA infants and 32 preterm AGA controls.ResultsActive ghrelin levels were significantly higher in preterm SGA infants than in preterm AGA controls (P<0.01). Active ghrelin levels in preterms with birth weight <1500 g were statistically higher than those over 1500 g. Active ghrelin levels in preterms ≤34 gestational weeks were similar to those over 34 weeks. A negative correlation was detected between active ghrelin levels and birth weight (r=−0.561, P<0.0001) as well as GA (r=−0.449, P<0.0001).ConclusionWe found significantly higher active ghrelin levels in SGA preterms than those in AGA preterms and demonstrated a negative correlation between active ghrelin levels and birth weight in preterm infants. This was the first study showing a negative correlation between active ghrelin levels and birth weight in preterm infants.

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