Abstract
Background. Factors that determine net synthesis of hepcidin and hence iron absorption and distribution depend on a balance of competing factors which may be disease specific. Such factors include anemia, ineffective erythropoiesis (IE), transferrin saturation (Tf sat), iron overload and inflammation. Recently GDF-15, a marker of erythroid maturation and hence IE, has been linked with depression of hepcidin synthesis in vitro and showed elevated levels in beta thalassemia (Tanno et al, Nat Med, 2007). The relationship of hepcidin synthesis to iron overload in sickle cell disease (SCD) is not clear and may differ from thalassemia syndromes because IE is less marked. We wished to establish whether the dominant factors determining net hepcidin synthesis differed between patients with SCD and those with thalassemia intermedia (TI) and thalassemia major (TM).
Patients and methods. Serum hepcidin was measured in hypertransfused (Hb>9.5g/dl) patients with TM (n=18), untransfused or sporadically transfused patients with thalassemia intermedia TI (n=18), and multi-transfused patients with SCD (n=24), and related to markers of anemia, iron overload and erythroid expansion. A newly developed mass spectrometry assay (Bansal et al, Anal Biochem, 2008, In Press) was used to determine serum hepcidin. GDF-15 was measured by an ELISA assay. Multivariate analysis was performed using SIMCA-P software and partial least squares for discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), using samples from each of the clinical groups to investigate relationships between hepcidin, serum iron, non-transferrin bound iron (NTBI), transferrin saturation (Tf sat), serum ferritin, liver iron, transfusion history, erythropoietin, hemoglobin and GDF-15.
Results. Serum hepcidin levels were higher in TM (13.9 ± 10.0 nmol/L) than SCD (8.51±8.16 nmol/L, p=0.043) whereas values in TI (3.82 ±3.56 nmol/L) were close to healthy controls (4.04 ± 2.06nmol/l). However, when SCD patients were matched for levels of anemia and iron load with TM, plasma hepcidin levels were similar or higher in SCD. GDF-15 values were highest for TI (11,444± 2177 ng/l), than TM (4117 ± 577 ng/l, P<0.001), whilst SCD patients had the lowest values (1227 ± 208 ng/l, P<0.001 vs TM). Univariate analysis in all patients grouped together showed positive correlations of hepcidin with serum ferritin (r=0.55, p <0.0001) and level of anemia (r=0.27, p= 0.045). Disease specific relationships were identified: negative correlations of serum hepcidin with Tf sat (r=−0.43) and NTBI (r=−0.45) were found for TI and TM but not in SCD, whereas ferritin showed a positive correlation in TM and SCD (r=0.51 and r= 0.56) but not in TI. GDF-15 correlated negatively with hepcidin in TI (r=0.51) but showed no relationship in SCD or TM. Positive correlations of GDF-15 with markers of plasma iron metabolism were seen in TI such as serum iron (r= 0.56), NTBI (r=0.45) and transferrin saturation (r=0.45). These were not seen in TM and tended to be negative relationships (r= −0.45, r= 0.25, r=0.59 respectively). In multivariate analysis, the variables responsible for the separation of the 3 patient groups clustered in 3 major categories including iron handling (serum iron, transferrin saturation, NTBI), ineffective erythropoiesis (GDF-15) and iron loading (ferritin, transfusion history). Hepcidin co-clustered with the iron loading group and was inversely correlated with GDF-15.
Conclusion. Competing regulatory effects on hepcidin synthesis differ between TM, TI and SCD. In TI, hepcidin synthesis is suppressed by IE as shown by a dominant effect of GDF-15. In TM, GDF-15 effects on plasma hepcidin are less marked, as IE is lower due to hypertransfusion. This difference is particularly striking in patients at UCLH due to the divergent transfusion policies between TI and TM. The dominant modulating factors in TM are positive relationships to iron load (serum ferritin) but negative relationship with NTBI, serum iron and Tf saturation. However it is not yet clear whether the relationship of NTBI to hepcidin implies direct negative regulatory effect. In multi-transfused SCD patients, GDF-15 (IE) and NTBI have insignificant relationships to plasma hepcidin, with iron load (ferritin) showing the dominant effect: other effects in SCD such as those of chronic inflammation were not examined but require further investigation.
Excessive adiposity is associated with an inflammation induced elevation in serum hepcidin, serum ferritin and increased risk of iron overload
