Multicolor Spectral Analyses of Mitotic and Meiotic Mouse Chromosomes Involved in Multiple Robertsonian Translocations. II. The NMRI/CD and CD/TA Hybrid Strains

2017 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Schmid ◽  
Claus Steinlein ◽  
Heinz Winking
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Male Meiosis ◽  
Spectral Karyotyping ◽  
Robertsonian Fusion ◽  
Mitotic Chromosomes ◽  
Sequential Order ◽  
Spectral Analyses ◽  
Robertsonian Translocations ◽  
Spatial Associations ◽  
Meiotic Chromosomes

Multicolor spectral analyses (spectral karyotyping) were performed on mitotic chromosomes of NMRI, CD, and TA mice and on male meiotic chromosomes (diakineses) of NMRI/CD and CD/TA hybrids. All chromosomes, including the various centric (robertsonian) fusions, could be unequivocally identified. Apart from the robertsonian translocations, which were previously detected by conventional banding analyses, no other interchromosomal rearrangements were found in these mice. In both the CD and TA mice, the autosomes 19 and the XY sex chromosomes are not involved in robertsonian translocations. In diakineses of male meiosis of the NMRI/CD hybrid, the 9 expected trivalents were present, whereas in those of the CD/TA hybrids a stable large meiotic multivalent, formed by 15 robertsonian fusion chromosomes and 2 terminally located normal chromosomes, was observed. The specific sequential order of the robertsonian fusion chromosomes found within this meiotic chain was as theoretically predicted. In the majority of diakineses of the NMRI/CD and CD/TA hybrids, the free autosomal bivalent 19 and the XY sex bivalent formed noticeable tight spatial associations.

KARYOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS IN TURTLES (REPTILIA: CHELONIA)

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 859-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dean Stock
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Mitotic Chromosomes ◽  
Meiotic Chromosomes ◽  
Telocentric Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosome Karyotype

The mitotic chromosomes of 33 species of chelonians representing 22 genera and six families were investigated. Chromosome number and morphology are the same for most members of a given family and range from 66 in Trionyx to 34 in Pelomedusa. Most emydid genera have 50 chromosomes. The karyotype of Chelydra (2n = 52) is similar to those of some testudinid and emydid genera and is unlike the 56 chromosome karyotype of kinosternid turtles. The three genera of tortoises examined, Gopherus, Testudo, and Geochelone, have 52 chromosomes, but Gopherus differs in karyotypic details. The karyotype of Geochelone is like that of Chelydra and the 52 chromosome genera of emydid turtles. The African pleurodiran Pelomedusa has three additional pairs of small acrocentric or telocentric chromosomes not present in the earlier described karyotype of Podocnemis. Examination of meiotic chromosomes revealed frequencies of chiasmata formation similar to those reported earlier. Sex chromosomes were not distinguishable.

Fluorescence banding in mitotic and meiotic chromosomes of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Genome ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 580-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Bedo
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Silver Staining ◽  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Mediterranean Fruit Fly ◽  
Mitotic Chromosomes ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Meiotic Chromosomes ◽  
The Mediterranean

Mitotic and meiotic chromosomes of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, were studied using three counterstain-enhanced fluorescence staining methods. The tristaining technique allowed chromomycin A3 (CMA) and distamycin – diamidinophenylindole (DA–DAPI) fluorescence to be observed on the same chromosomes. DAPI–actinomycin D (DAPI–AMD) fluorescence was also carried out. These techniques were complemented with quinacrine staining and C-banding. The results were compared with earlier data on silver staining. The sex chromosomes, particularly the X chromosome, show great banding detail with extensive longitudinal differentiation in mitotic chromosomes. GC- and AT-specific fluorescence is not found in the expected reciprocal pattern at all sites. Comparison with C-banding and silver staining shows that intense fluorescence occurs in lightly C banded regions and silver bands correspond to fluorescent bands rather than nucleolar organizers. The combination of staining data suggests that much of the X chromosome has characteristics intermediate between heterochromatin and euchromatin. Meiotic X chromosomes show much less detail and reduced fluorescence intensity but can still be easily traced throughout meiosis and spermatogenesis.Key words: fluorescence banding, sex chromosomes, Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata.

Spectral karyotyping (SKY) of mouse meiotic chromosomes

Genome ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry HQ Heng ◽  
Guo Liu ◽  
Wei Lu ◽  
Steve Bremer ◽  
Christine J Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Synaptonemal Complex ◽  
Meiotic Prophase ◽  
Spectral Karyotyping ◽  
Mitotic Chromosomes ◽  
Meiotic Chromosomes ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Behavioural Characteristics ◽  
Co Detection

The spectral karyotyping procedure of in situ hybridization with chromosome-specific probes assigns a unique colour code to each of the 21 mouse mitotic chromosomes. We have adapted this procedure to meiotic prophase chromosomes, and the results show that each of the pachytene or metaphase I bivalents can be identified. This technique has the potential to recognize synaptic anomalies and chromosome-specific structural and behavioural characteristics. We confirm these potentials by the recognition of the heterologous synapsis of the X and Y chromosomes and by the variances of synaptonemal complex lengths for each of the colour-coded bivalents in eight prophase nuclei.Key words: SKY, meiosis, synaptonemal complex, multicolour, chromosome painting, spectral karyotyping, protein-SKY co-detection.

scholarly journals Multicolor Spectral Analyses of Mitotic and Meiotic Mouse Chromosomes Involved in Multiple Robertsonian Translocations. I. The CD/Cremona Hybrid Strain

2015 ◽  
Vol 147 (4) ◽  
pp. 253-259
Author(s):  
Michael Schmid ◽  
Claus Steinlein ◽  
Heinz Winking
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Robertsonian Translocation ◽  
Male Meiosis ◽  
Translocation Chromosome ◽  
Spectral Karyotyping ◽  
Hybrid Strain ◽  
Robertsonian Translocations ◽  
Unique System ◽  
Specific Order ◽  
Hybrid Mice

Multicolor spectral analysis (spectral karyotyping) was applied to mitotic and male diakinetic chromosomes of hybrid mice carrying a unique system of 18 autosomal Robertsonian translocation chromosomes with alternating arm homologies. Only the autosomes 19 and the XY sex chromosomes are excluded from these Robertsonian translocations. The translocations, previously identified by conventional banding analyses, could be verified by spectral karyotyping. Besides the Robertsonian translocations, no other interchromosomal rearrangements were detected. In diakineses of male meiosis, the 18 metacentric Robertsonian translocation chromosomes form a very large meiotic ‘superring'. The predictable, specific order of the chromosomes along this ‘superring' was completely confirmed by multicolor spectral analysis. In the majority of diakineses analyzed, the free autosomal bivalent 19 and the XY sex bivalent form a conspicuous complex which tightly associates with the 12;14 Robertsonian translocation chromosome in the ‘superring'.

Cytological characterisation of heterochromatin in mitotic and meiotic chromosomes of the Old World screwworm fly, Chrysomya bezziana (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Genome ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Bedo
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Mitotic Chromosomes ◽  
Old World ◽  
Screwworm Fly ◽  
C Banding ◽  
Meiotic Chromosomes ◽  
Bright Fluorescence ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Background Staining ◽  
Chrysomya Bezziana

Mitotic and meiotic chromosomes of the Old World screwworm fly, Chrysomya bezziana, were studied using C-banding and quinacrine and counterstain-enhanced fluorescence techniques. The five autosomes in the karyotype are evenly graded in size, with somewhat variable arm ratios. Distinguishing all autosomes on these features alone can be difficult. C-banding produces small centromeric bands in the autosomes, whereas the much longer X and Y chromosomes have extensive dark C-band blocks with intermediate background staining. Most bright fluorescence occurs in the sex chromosomes, particularly the X chromosome, which has remarkable banding detail. Band resolution is greatly increased in mitotic metaphase cells from embryos. Quinacrine staining of mitotic chromosomes produces bright fluorescence at the centromere regions of chromosomes 2, 3, and 4, assisting in their identification. Meiotic chromosomes have distinctly reduced brightness and resolution of fluorescent bands and show marked chromatid asynapsis in the brighter regions of the sex chromosomes. Fluorochromes staining A∙T-rich DNA (quanacrine and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)) produce bright staining in a large proportion of the sex chromosomes. By contrast chromomycin, which binds preferentially to G∙C-rich DNA, stains a much smaller proportion of the sex chromosomes than expected from reciprocal staining. Together with the asynapsis data this indicates that much of the heterochromatin in the sex chromosomes has unusual structural properties.Key words: Chrysomya bezziana, screwworm, karyotype, C-banding, fluorescence, heterochromatin.

scholarly journals Kinase CDK2 in Mammalian Meiotic Prophase I: Screening for Hetero- and Homomorphic Sex Chromosomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1969
Author(s):  
Sergey Matveevsky ◽  
Tsenka Chassovnikarova ◽  
Tatiana Grishaeva ◽  
Maret Atsaeva ◽  
Vasilii Malygin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Eukaryotic Cell ◽  
Repair System ◽  
Prophase I ◽  
Meiotic Chromosomes ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Dna Mismatch Repair System ◽  
Male Sex

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are crucial regulators of the eukaryotic cell cycle. The critical role of CDK2 in the progression of meiosis was demonstrated in a single mammalian species, the mouse. We used immunocytochemistry to study the localization of CDK2 during meiosis in seven rodent species that possess hetero- and homomorphic male sex chromosomes. To compare the distribution of CDK2 in XY and XX male sex chromosomes, we performed multi-round immunostaining of a number of marker proteins in meiotic chromosomes of the rat and subterranean mole voles. Antibodies to the following proteins were used: RAD51, a member of the double-stranded DNA break repair machinery; MLH1, a component of the DNA mismatch repair system; and SUN1, which is involved in the connection between the meiotic telomeres and nuclear envelope, alongside the synaptic protein SYCP3 and kinetochore marker CREST. Using an enhanced protocol, we were able to assess the distribution of as many as four separate proteins in the same meiotic cell. We showed that during prophase I, CDK2 localizes to telomeric and interstitial regions of autosomes in all species investigated (rat, vole, hamster, subterranean mole voles, and mole rats). In sex bivalents following synaptic specificity, the CDK2 signals were distributed in three different modes. In the XY bivalent in the rat and mole rat, we detected numerous CDK2 signals in asynaptic regions and a single CDK2 focus on synaptic segments, similar to the mouse sex chromosomes. In the mole voles, which have unique XX sex chromosomes in males, CDK2 signals were nevertheless distributed similarly to the rat XY sex chromosomes. In the vole, sex chromosomes did not synapse, but demonstrated CDK2 signals of varying intensity, similar to the rat X and Y chromosomes. In female mole voles, the XX bivalent had CDK2 pattern similar to autosomes of all species. In the hamster, CDK2 signals were revealed in telomeric regions in the short synaptic segment of the sex bivalent. We found that CDK2 signals colocalize with SUN1 and MLH1 signals in meiotic chromosomes in rats and mole voles, similar to the mouse. The difference in CDK2 manifestation at the prophase I sex chromosomes can be considered an example of the rapid chromosome evolution in mammals.

scholarly journals One-dimensional spatial patterning along mitotic chromosomes: A mechanical basis for macroscopic morphogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (43) ◽  
pp. 26749-26755
Author(s):  
Lingluo Chu ◽  
Zhangyi Liang ◽  
Maria V. Mukhina ◽  
Jay K. Fisher ◽  
John W. Hutchinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterning ◽  
Geometric Form ◽  
Mitotic Chromosomes ◽  
Homologous Chromosomes ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Meiotic Chromosomes ◽  
Planar Arrays ◽  
Mechanical Basis ◽  
Continuous Presence ◽  
Morphological Patterns

Spatial patterns are ubiquitous in both physical and biological systems. We have recently discovered that mitotic chromosomes sequentially acquire two interesting morphological patterns along their structural axes [L. Chu et al., Mol. Cell, 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.07.002 (2020)]. First, axes of closely conjoined sister chromosomes acquire regular undulations comprising nearly planar arrays of sequential half-helices of similar size and alternating handedness, accompanied by periodic kinks. This pattern, which persists through all later stages, provides a case of the geometric form known as a “perversion.” Next, as sister chromosomes become distinct parallel units, their individual axes become linked by bridges, which are themselves miniature axes. These bridges are dramatically evenly spaced. Together, these effects comprise a unique instance of spatial patterning in a subcellular biological system. We present evidence that axis undulations and bridge arrays arise by a single continuous mechanically promoted progression, driven by stress within the chromosome axes. We further suggest that, after sister individualization, this same stress also promotes chromosome compaction by rendering the axes susceptible to the requisite molecular remodeling. Thus, by this scenario, the continuous presence of mechanical stress within the chromosome axes could potentially underlie the entire morphogenetic chromosomal program. Direct analogies with meiotic chromosomes suggest that the same effects could underlie interactions between homologous chromosomes as required for gametogenesis. Possible mechanical bases for generation of axis stress and resultant deformations are discussed. Together, these findings provide a perspective on the macroscopic changes of organized chromosomes.

Inactivation or non-reactivation: what accounts better for the silence of sex chromosomes during mammalian male meiosis?

Chromosoma ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Page ◽  
Roberto de la Fuente ◽  
Marcia Manterola ◽  
María Teresa Parra ◽  
Alberto Viera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Male Meiosis

scholarly journals DNase I nick translation in situ on meiotic chromosomes of the mouse, Mus musculus

1988 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-634
Author(s):  
R. Raman ◽  
A.P. Singh ◽  
I. Nanda
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Meiotic Prophase ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Dnase I ◽  
Translation Method ◽  
Nick Translation ◽  
Meiotic Chromosomes

DNase-I-sensitive sites have been located on the meiotic chromosomes of the mouse, Mus musculus, by the in situ DNase I nick-translation method. We find that: (1) of all the cell types studied, pachytene nuclei are the most sensitive to DNase I; (2) in diplotene the nicks occur preferentially in the vicinity of chiasmata; (3) the sex chromosomes are also sensitive to the enzyme despite their transcriptional quiescence; and (4) in the sex bivalent the nicks are primarily observed in the putative region of recombination. We conclude that, in addition to discriminating between the transcriptionally active and inactive states of chromatin, DNase I identifies recombination-specific chromatin changes in meiotic prophase.

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