scholarly journals Jaw Elevator Muscle Coordination during Rhythmic Mastication in Primates: Are Triplets Units of Motor Control?

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Yashesvini Ram ◽  
Callum F. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Fuscata ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Muscle Coordination ◽  
Papio Anubis ◽  
Propithecus Verreauxi ◽  
Eulemur Fulvus ◽  
Cycle Basis ◽  
Medial Pterygoid ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The activity of mammal jaw elevator muscles during chewing has often been described using the concept of the triplet motor pattern, in which triplet I (balancing side superficial masseter and medial pterygoid; working side posterior temporalis) is consistently activated before triplet II (working side superficial masseter and medial pterygoid; balancing side posterior temporalis), and each triplet of muscles is recruited and modulated as a unit. Here, new measures of unison, synchrony, and coordination are used to determine whether in 5 primate species (Propithecus verreauxi, Eulemur fulvus, Papio anubis, Macaca fuscata,and Pan troglodytes)muscles in the same triplet are active more in unison, are more synchronized, and are more highly coordinated than muscles in different triplets. Results show that triplet I muscle pairs are active more in unison than other muscle pairs in Eulemur, Macaca, and Papio,buttriplet muscle pairs are mostly not more tightly synchronized than non-triplet pairs. Triplet muscles are more coordinated during triplet pattern cycles than non-triplet cycles, while non-triplet muscle pairs are more coordinated during non-triplet cycles than triplet cycles. These results suggest that the central nervous system alters patterns of coordination between cycles, recruiting triplet muscles as a coordinated unit during triplet cycles but employing a different pattern of muscle coordination during non-triplet cycles. The triplet motor pattern may simplify modulation of rhythmic mastication by being one possible unit of coordination that can be recruited on a cycle-to-cycle basis.

scholarly journals Comparative Gross Anatomy of the Forelimb Arteries of the Japanese Monkey (Macaca fuscata) and a Comparative Pattern of Forelimb Arterial Distribution in Primates

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Tales Alexandre Aversi-Ferreira ◽  
Emmanuel Freitas-Ferreira ◽  
Roqueline A. G. M. F. Aversi-Ferreira ◽  
Karolyne Cordeiro-de-Oliveira ◽  
Gezianne Lopes-de-Freitas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Fuscata ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Japanese Monkey ◽  
Gross Anatomy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
New World Primates ◽  
Papio Anubis ◽  
Locomotor Behaviour ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Macaca fuscata displays characteristic behaviours, such as stone handling, locomotor behaviour, gait position, and intermittent bipedalism. Differences in characteristic behaviours among primate species/genera could be explained by anatomical details of the body. However, the anatomical details have not been well studied in Macaca fuscata. Arterial models could be one of the anatomical bases for the phylogenetic and functional differences among species, since the arterial supply could be associated with the muscular performance, especially locomotor behaviour. In this study, five thoracic limbs of Macaca fuscata adults were dissected to analyse the vessels. Patterns of arterial distribution in the thoracic limbs of Macaca fuscata were compared with those in other primates. The results indicated that the arterial distribution in the Japanese monkeys was more similar to those in Macaca mulatta and Papio anubis, which is consistent with phylogenetic similarities. However, compared with Papio anubis and other macaques, there were anatomical differences in several points, including (1) the origin of the common, anterior, posterior circumflex, and profunda brachii, and (2) the origins of the collateralis ulnaris artery. The comparative anatomy of the arteries in the forelimb of Macaca fuscata, along with the anatomical studies in other primates, indicated characteristic patterns of brachial artery division and the number of the palmar arches in primates, which is consistent with the phylogenetic division among New World primates, Old World primates, and apes.

scholarly journals The Pituitary Gland is a Novel Major Site of Action of Metformin in Non-Human Primates: a Potential Path to Expand and Integrate Its Metabolic Actions

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 1444-1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari C. Vázquez-Borrego ◽  
Antonio C. Fuentes-Fayos ◽  
Manuel D. Gahete ◽  
Justo P. Castaño ◽  
Rhonda D. Kineman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
Pituitary Cell ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Endocrine Gland ◽  
Papio Anubis ◽  
Human Primate

Background/Aims: Biguanides are anti-hyperglycaemic agents used to treat diabetes by acting primarily on the liver, inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis. However, biguanides may target other key metabolic tissues to exert beneficial actions. As the “master endocrine gland”, the pituitary is a true homeostatic sensor that controls whole body homeostasis and metabolism by integrating central and peripheral signals. However, whether the pituitary is a primary site of biguanides action in normal adult humans/primates remains unknown. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the direct effects of two biguanides (metformin/phenformin) on the expression and secretion of all anterior pituitary hormones in two non-human primate species (Papio anubis and Macaca fascicularis), and the molecular/signalling-mechanisms behind these actions. Methods: Primary pituitary cell cultures from baboons and macaques were used to determine the direct impact of metformin/phenformin (alone and combined with primary regulators) on the functioning of all pituitary cell-types (i.e. expression/secretion/signaling-pathways, etc). Results: Metformin/phenformin inhibited basal, but not GHRH/ghrelin-stimulated GH/ACTH/ FSH-secretion and GH/POMC-expression, without altering secretion or expression of other pituitary hormones (PRL/LH/TSH), FSH-expression or cell viability in both primate models. These biguanide actions are likely mediated through modulation of: 1) common (mTOR/PI3K/intracellular-Ca2+mobilization) and distinct (MAPK) signaling pathways; and 2) gene expression of key receptors regulating somatotrope/corticotrope/gonadotrope function (i.e. upregulation of SSTR2/SSTR5/INSR/IGF1R/LEPR). Conclusion: The pituitary gland is a primary target of biguanide actions wherein they modulate somatotrope/corticotrope/gonadotrope-function through multiple molecular/signaling pathways in non-human primate-models. This suggests that the well-known metabolic effects of biguanides might be, at least in part, influenced by their actions at the pituitary level.

Changes in muscle coordination with training

2006 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 1506-1513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard G. Carson
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Muscle Synergies ◽  
Muscle Coordination ◽  
Muscle Recruitment ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Recruitment Patterns ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
Activity Dependent

Three core concepts, activity-dependent coupling, the composition of muscle synergies, and Hebbian adaptation, are discussed with a view to illustrating the nature of the constraints imposed by the organization of the central nervous system on the changes in muscle coordination induced by training. It is argued that training invoked variations in the efficiency with which motor actions can be generated influence the stability of coordination by altering the potential for activity-dependent coupling between the cortical representations of the focal muscles recruited in a movement task and brain circuits that do not contribute directly to the required behavior. The behaviors that can be generated during training are also constrained by the composition of existing intrinsic muscle synergies. In circumstances in which attempts to produce forceful or high velocity movements would otherwise result in the generation of inappropriate actions, training designed to promote the development of control strategies specific to the desired movement outcome may be necessary to compensate for protogenic muscle recruitment patterns. Hebbian adaptation refers to processes whereby, for neurons that release action potentials at the same time, there is an increased probability that synaptic connections will be formed. Neural connectivity induced by the repetition of specific muscle recruitment patterns during training may, however, inhibit the subsequent acquisition of new skills. Consideration is given to the possibility that, in the presence of the appropriate sensory guidance, it is possible to gate Hebbian plasticity and to promote greater subsequent flexibility in the recruitment of the trained muscles in other task contexts.

scholarly journals Encounter rates and group sizes of diurnal primate species of Mole National Park, Ghana

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 13523-13530
Author(s):  
Edward Debrah Wiafe
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Papio Anubis ◽  
Erythrocebus Patas ◽  
Patas Monkey ◽  
Encounter Rates ◽  
Olive Baboon ◽  
Green Monkey ◽  
The Status

Primate species are not widely explored in Ghana’s savannah ecosystems.  We report data on encounter rates and group sizes of primates at the Mole National Park in Ghana.  Forty transects, each of 5km length, were randomly laid in the park for the study.  Four species of primates were visually recorded during field surveys: Olive Baboon Papio anubis, Patas Monkey Erythrocebus patas, Green Monkey Chlorocebus sabaeus and Colobus vellerosus.  The status of C. vellerosus is Critically Endangered, the status of the other species is Least Concern according to the IUCN Red List.  Encounter rates (groups/km) were 0.98, 0.65 and 0.45 for Olive Baboons, Patas Monkeys and Green Monkeys respectively.  The mean group sizes were: Olive Baboon 10.8 (SE=1.1, range=1-38), Patas Monkey 12.2 (SE=3.3, range=1-35), and Green Monkey 10.0 (SE=1.9, range=1-25).  Only one group of White-thighed Colobus with a group size of six was encountered.  Encounter rates and group sizes of the same species varied in different parts of the park, and factors such as resource distribution and security against secret hunting may have influenced this variation.  Authors recommend further studies to facilitate better understanding of these primates.

scholarly journals A Fair and EMG-validated Comparison of Recruitment Criteria, Musculotendon Models and Muscle Coordination Strategies, for the Inverse-dynamics Based Optimization of Muscle Forces During Gait

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian MICHAUD ◽  
Mario Lamas ◽  
Urbano Lugrís ◽  
Javier Cuadrado
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cost Function ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Muscle Coordination ◽  
Actuator Dynamics ◽  
Moment Arms ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Abstract Experimental studies and EMG collections suggest that a specific strategy of muscle coordination is chosen by the central nervous system to perform a given motor task. A popular mathematical approach for solving the muscle recruitment problem is optimization. Optimization-based methods minimize or maximize some criterion (objective function or cost function) which reflects the mechanism used by the central nervous system to recruit muscles for the movement considered. The proper cost function is not known a priori, so the adequacy of the chosen function must be validated according to the obtained results. In addition of the many criteria proposed, several physiological representations of the musculotendon actuator dynamics along with different musculoskeletal models can be found in the literature, which hinders the selection of the best neuromusculotendon model for each application. Seeking to provide a fair base for comparison, this study measures the efficiency and accuracy of: i) four different criteria; ii) one static and three physiological representations of the musculotendon actuator dynamics; iii) a synergy-based method; all of them within the framework of inverse-dynamics based optimization. Motion/force/EMG gait analyses were performed on ten healthy subjects. A musculoskeletal model of the right leg actuated by 43 Hill-type muscles was scaled to each subject and used to calculate joint moments, musculotendon kinematics and moment arms. Muscle activations were then estimated using the different approaches, and these estimates were compared with EMG measurements. Although similar results were obtained with all the methods, it must be pointed out that a higher complexity of the method does not guarantee better results, as the best correlations with experimental values were obtained with two simplified approaches.

Maternal protectiveness is negatively associated with infant handling in wild Japanese macaques

Behaviour ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 156 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maisa Sekizawa ◽  
Nobuyuki Kutsukake
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components ◽  
Macaca Fuscata ◽  
Japanese Macaque ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Japanese Macaques ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Maternal Style ◽  
Infant Handling ◽  
Triadic Relationship

Abstract Infant handling by a non-mother is common in many primate species. Despite the requirement of a triadic relationship among handler, mother, and infant, previous studies of infant handling have focused on characteristics of handler or interactions between mother and handler. In this study, we examined the influence of the mother–infant relationship (i.e., maternal style) on the frequency with which wild Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) infants were handled. We analysed behavioural data collected during 3 consecutive years and found that maternal style was characterised by three principal components: infant activity, rejection, and non-protectiveness. Infants who were less active and whose mothers were less protective received more frequent handling. These effects were particularly evident when handlers were thought to have less access to the infant. These complex interactions within the triadic relationship suggest that maternal style constrains the occurrence of infant handling in group-living primates.

scholarly journals Variation in Adult Male-Juvenile Affiliative Behavior in Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata)

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 610-621
Author(s):  
Kylen N. Gartland ◽  
Colin M. Brand ◽  
Lawrence R. Ulibarri ◽  
Frances J. White
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Macaca Fuscata ◽  
Japanese Macaques ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Mating Effort ◽  
Primate Research ◽  
Paternal Investment ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Positive Correlation

Adult males of some primate species are known to positively interact with juveniles. In cases where paternal certainty is high, these behaviors have been largely attributed to the paternal investment hypothesis. Males have also been observed to interact with nonkin juveniles, which has often been explained in terms of mating effort. Here, we examined variation in adult male-juvenile affiliation in semi-free ranging Japanese macaques (<i>Macaca fuscata</i>) at the Oregon National Primate Research Center against possible influencing factors such as age, dominance rank, and female affiliation, and we also tested for fitness benefits. We conducted 154 h of focal observations of 14 adult males from June to September 2018. Males differed significantly in their rate of juvenile-directed affiliation, but not in their fitness in terms of number of offspring. There was a significant positive correlation between rank and age in the group, indicating that, in this group, rank does not conform to the classic inverted-U pattern observed elsewhere in this species. Although there was a significant positive correlation between rank and juvenile-directed affiliation, the highest-ranking male had few offspring and exhibited little juvenile-directed affiliation. These results suggest little to no preliminary support for either the paternal investment or mating effort hypotheses as explanations for juvenile-directed affiliation. This study suggests that there are multiple behavioral strategies for older males that may influence reproductive success.

scholarly journals Population density and structure of diurnal primates in Pandam wildlife park, Plateau State, Nigeria.

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Ortyom Yager ◽  
James Oshita Bukie ◽  
Avalumun Emmanuel Kaa
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
State Government ◽  
Riparian Forest ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Papio Anubis ◽  
Savannah Woodland

A survey of diurnal primate species in Pandam wildlife park, Nigeria was conducted to determine its population density and structure. Eight transect lines (2.0km length, 0.02km width) at interval of 1.0km were located as representative samples in the park within the three range stratum (riparian forest, savannah woodland and, swampy area) based on proportional to size in providing information on the primate’s species present in the park. These include (Cercopithecus mona, Erythrocebus pata, Papio anubis and, Chlorocebus tantalus). Direct method of animal sighting was employed. Data was collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA and diversity indices. The result showed that savannah woodland strata had more number of individual species encountered (132) and the lowest was the swampy area. Also the savannah woodland had the highest species diversity and richness while the riparian forest strata had the highest number of species evenness. More so, Cercopithecus tantalus was widespread throughout the park among other primates and Cercopithecus mona is most likely to decline even more rapidly than others since they inhabit the very tall trees. However, the variation in mean value of species sampled were not statistically significance (P>0.05). Generally, atleast one primate can be sighted in every km2 of range strata covered within the park. This census provides update information on the status of primate diversity and numbers within the park which can help to direct conservation efforts of the primates and other animals by the state government. This will further enhance the sustainability and elevation of the park to a National park.Keywords:  Population status, Diurnal Primates, ecology, Pandam Wildlife Park,

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