Syndecan-1 and Glypican-1 Knockout Alters Body Water Balance and Urine Response to Fluid Challenge in Mice

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Randal O. Dull ◽  
Milan Patel ◽  
Ayman Isbatan ◽  
Robert G. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Fluid Challenge ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Translational Study ◽  
Diuretic Response ◽  
Versus Strain

Syndecan-1 (Sdc-1) and glypican-1 (Gpc-1) are 2 important proteoglycans found in the glycocalyx and believed to govern transvascular distribution of fluid and protein. In this translational study, we assessed Sdc-1 and Gpc-1 knockout (KO) on whole body water balance after an intravenous volume challenge. Sdc-1 and Gpc-1 KO mice had higher starting blood water content versus strain-matched controls. Sdc-1 KO mice exhibited a significantly higher diuretic response (87%; <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05), higher excreted volume/infusion volume ratio (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.01), higher extravascular/infused ratio, and greater tissue water concentration (60 vs. 52%). Collectively, these suggest differences in kidney response and greater fluid efflux from peripheral vessels. The CD1 strain and Gpc-1 KO had a 2–3-fold larger urine output relative to C57 strain, but Gpc-1 KO reduced the excreted/infused ratio relative to controls (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.01) and they maintained plasma dilution longer. Thus, genetic KO of Sdc-1 and Gpc-1 resulted in markedly different phenotypes. This work establishes the feasibility of performing fluid balance studies in mice.

scholarly journals Water Intake, Water Balance, and the Elusive Daily Water Requirement

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Armstrong ◽  
Evan Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Neuroendocrine Response ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
The Brain

Water is essential for metabolism, substrate transport across membranes, cellular homeostasis, temperature regulation, and circulatory function. Although nutritional and physiological research teams and professional organizations have described the daily total water intakes (TWI, L/24h) and Adequate Intakes (AI) of children, women, and men, there is no widespread consensus regarding the human water requirements of different demographic groups. These requirements remain undefined because of the dynamic complexity inherent in the human water regulatory network, which involves the central nervous system and several organ systems, as well as large inter-individual differences. The present review analyzes published evidence that is relevant to these issues and presents a novel approach to assessing the daily water requirements of individuals in all sex and life-stage groups, as an alternative to AI values based on survey data. This empirical method focuses on the intensity of a specific neuroendocrine response (e.g., plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentration) employed by the brain to regulate total body water volume and concentration. We consider this autonomically-controlled neuroendocrine response to be an inherent hydration biomarker and one means by which the brain maintains good health and optimal function. We also propose that this individualized method defines the elusive state of euhydration (i.e., water balance) and distinguishes it from hypohydration. Using plasma AVP concentration to analyze multiple published data sets that included both men and women, we determined that a mild neuroendocrine defense of body water commences when TWI is ˂1.8 L/24h, that 19–71% of adults in various countries consume less than this TWI each day, and consuming less than the 24-h water AI may influence the risk of dysfunctional metabolism and chronic diseases.

Hyperhydration and Glycerol: Thermoregulatory Effects During Exercise in Hot Climates

2000 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 536-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Latzka ◽  
Michael N. Sawka
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Fluid Replacement ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Sweating Rate ◽  
Design Problems ◽  
Fluid Ingestion ◽  
Water Exercise

Hyperhydration or increasing body water content above normal (euhydration) level was thought to have some benefit during exercise heat-stress; however, attempts to overdrink have been minimized by a rapid diuretic response. The perception that hyperhydration might be beneficial for exercise performance and for thermoregulation arose from the adverse consequences of hypohydration. Many studies had examined the effects of hyperhydration on thermoregulation in the heat; however, most of them suffer from design problems that confound their results. The design problems included control conditions not representing euhydration but hypohydration, control conditions not adequately described, cold fluid ingestion that reduced core temperature, and/or changing heat acclimation status. Several investigators reported lower core temperatures during exercise after hyperhydration, while other studies do not. Some investigators reported higher sweating rates with hyperhydration, while other studies do not. Recent research that controlled for these confounding variables reported that hyperhydration (water or glycerol) did not alter core temperature, skin temperature, whole body sweating rate, local sweating rate, sweating threshold temperature, sweating sensitivity, or heart rate responces compared to euhydration trail. If euhydration is maintained during exercise-heat stress then hyperhydration appears to have no meaningful advantage. Key words: Hydration, fluid replacement, exercise heat-stress, total body water exercise

Comparison of total body and tissue losses of sodium and chloride with losses from sucrose space in salt-depleted rats

1958 ◽  
Vol 196 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. White ◽  
M. Audia ◽  
Doris Rolf
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Valid Measure ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Skin Samples

When about 30% of total body Na and Cl is removed from normal adult rats by intraperitoneal dialysis, the external loss of Na and Cl measured 24 hours later is adequately accounted for by loss from ECF (sucrose space). Only small amounts of Na and Cl enter ECF from gastrointestinal contents and bone. Conclusions drawn from muscle and skin samples agree with that from whole body. Such depleted animals remain almost in water balance. Evidence is presented that sucrose space is an equally valid measure of ECF in normal and in depleted animals.

Tolerance of imported rabbits grown as meat animals to hot climate and saline drinking water in the subtropical environment of Egypt

2005 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. F. M. Marai ◽  
A. A. M. Habeeb ◽  
A. E. Gad
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Total Proteins ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Subtropical Environment

AbstractNinety of each of New Zealand White (NZW) and Californian (Cal) male weaned rabbits at 5 weeks of age with nearly similar average live weights were used during two periods of the year (mild and hot, each of 9 weeks), in a trial to evaluate their adaptability as meat animals to the subtropical conditions of Egypt. The results showed that NZW surpassed Cal, in most of the traits studied. The increase was significant in final live weight, daily weight gain, final body solids, daily body solids gain, body water concentration (ml per 100 g body solids) and pre-slaughter weight. Meanwhile, Cal significantly surpassed NZW in daily water consumption. The temperature-humidity index (THI) values indicated absence of heat stress in the first period and exposure to moderate (but very close to severe) heat stress in the second. The hot conditions induced significant decline in final live weight, daily weight gain, food intake, final body solids, daily body solids gain, plasma tri-iodothyronine (T3) hormone, total proteins, albumin, globulin, total lipids, glucose, electrolytes (Na, K, Ca, Mg and P), pre-slaughter weight and kidneys with fat weight. In contrast, the hot conditions were accompanied by significant increases in water intake, body water concentration, plasma urea-N, creatinine and physiological body reactions (respiration rate and temperatures of rectum, skin and ear). Drinking water containing high levels of salt (3000 p. p. m. and more) caused significant decreases in final live weight, daily live-weight gain, final body solids, daily body solids gain, plasma T3 hormone, total proteins, albumin, total lipids, glucose, pre-slaughter weight and kidneys with fat weight. At the same time, significant increases occurred in water consumption, body water concentration, plasma urea-N, creatinine, electrolytes (Na, K, Ca and P), respiration rate and rectal and skin temperatures. Estimations of adaptability to the subtropical environment of Egypt and tolerance to drinking saline water under the same conditions were found to be proportionately 0·844 and 0·876 and 0·821 and 0·803, in NZW and Cal, respectively.

The role of cardiovascular and muscle afferent systems in control of body water balance

1984 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 305-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Yamashita ◽  
H. Kannan ◽  
K. Inenaga ◽  
K. Koizumi
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Muscle Afferent

scholarly journals Exploring runoff processes using chemical, isotopic and hydrometric data in a discontinuous permafrost catchment

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 508-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Boucher ◽  
Sean K. Carey
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Yukon Territory ◽  
Hydrograph Separation ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Discontinuous Permafrost ◽  
Hydrochemical Data ◽  
Mixing Diagrams

Hydrometric, isotopic and hydrochemical data were used to investigate runoff generation in a discontinuous permafrost headwater catchment. Research was undertaken between 10 April and 8 July 2008 within Granger Basin, a 7.6 km2 sub-catchment of the Wolf Creek Research Basin, Yukon Territory, Canada. The objectives of this research were to utilize hydrometric, stable isotope and hydrochemical methods to: (i) establish water balance components and (ii) couple water balance information with stable isotope and hydrochemical information to provide an enhanced understanding of runoff sources and pathways. The water balance components were snowmelt (152 mm), precipitation (68 mm), evaporation (88 mm), discharge (173 mm) and change in storage (−41 mm). The runoff ratio was high compared with previous years in this catchment. Using two-component hydrograph separation, pre-event water represented ∼73% of total discharge during freshet. End-member mixing diagrams suggested three contributing sources to streamflow in the following order: groundwater, soil water and snowmelt water. Concentration versus discharge diagrams identified the dilution of weathering ions during melt, while the ratio of potassium to calcium in streamwater suggests early contributions of pre-event water to discharge. Results from this research support previous work that pre-event water dominates freshet, yet the role of deeper groundwater is highlighted as an important contribution.

scholarly journals The method of calculating whole body water in hemodialysis patients

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 409-415
Author(s):  
Hideyo Ninomiya ◽  
Michihiro Takada ◽  
Nukio Toyoda ◽  
Yoshimasa Suetomo ◽  
Ryuichiro Mukai
Keyword(s):  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Whole Body

scholarly journals Peculiarities of tissue water fractional composition in case of experimental whole-body hyperthermia

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
O. V. Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Relaxation Rate ◽  
Renal Cortex ◽  
Fractional Composition ◽  
Relaxation Times ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
T2 Relaxation ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Whole Body Hyperthermia ◽  
Group 2

The present study, using proton nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation (NMR) method, was undertaken to compare the water fractional composition in nature tissues (group 1) with those damaged by experimental whole-body hyperthermia (group 2). We measured longitudinal or “spin-lattice” (T1) and transverse or “spin-spin” (T2) relaxation times of protons of tissues (brain, the atria of the heart, the kidneys and the renal cortex) from adult Wistar rats. The differences in T1, T2 and percentage of the intra- and extracellular water between group 1 and 2 were studied to help understand how the water moves in tissues at hyperthermia. The results of this study and the literature data allow to make conclusions about tissue water fractional composition in case of experimental whole-body hyperthermia: (1) fractional composition of water and the distribution of intra- and extracellular fluid in the tissue of the atria of the heart did not change (T1 and T2 relaxation times remained unchanged); (2) the crystalline water fraction increased in brain (longer T1 relaxation rate and shorter T2 relaxation rate). This is obstructing the exchange of protons between free and bound water in brain. Thus, loss of water by brain cells is prevented. The distribution between intra- and extracellular fluid in brain remained unchanged; (3) fraction of free water increased in renal tissue (simultaneous longer T1 and T2 relaxation rates) by reducing the volume of extracellular fluid; (4) thick hydration layer of water (longer T1 relaxation rate, T2 remained unchanged) was formed in the extracellular fluid of renal cortex. This water layer is formed around the sodium ions which concentration is increased in renal cortex tissue of rats from group 2. Аs a result, the amount of fluid secreted by kidneys is reduced, i.e. there is a retention of water in the body. The relevance of our research for the understanding of high temperatures’ adaptation mechanisms is discussed in this paper. 

210Po in Marine Organisms: A Wide Range of Natural Radiation Dose Domains

1988 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 113-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.P. Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Fish Muscle ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Mesopelagic Fish ◽  
Marine Biota ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Food Chain Transfer

Abstract Marine biota is able to concentrate 210Po to high levels, as 103-105 relative to sea water concentration. 210Po concentrations in mixed zooplankton reaches 34-51 Bq.kg-1 (fresh wt), special groups such as copepods reaching even higher concentrations ~90 Bq.kg-1, whereas gelatinous zooplankton display ~1 Bq.kg-1. Epipelagic teleosts feeding on plankton displayed the highest concentrations found in fish muscle, 2-21 Bq.kg-1. Contrasting with this, demersal teleosts and elasmobranchs display lower 210Po concentrations, in the ranges 0.5-7 Bq.kg-1 and 0.2-1.7 Bq.kg-1, respectively. Much higher concentrations can, however, be measured in fish liver, gonad, bone and piloric caecca, and small mesopelagic fish can reach ~800 Bq.kg-1 on a whole-body basis. Due to these 210Po activity concentrations, dose equivalent rates delivered to biological tissues in marine organisms can vary widely, from 0.4 mSv.y-1 in gelatinous plankton up to 5.6 x 103 mSv.y-1 in the gut wall of sardines. It is concluded that in organisms living in the same ocean layer a wide range of internal radiation doses exist and it is essentially sustained by 210Po food-chain transfer.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document