Patients with Severe Lactic Acidosis in the Intensive Care Unit: A Retrospective Study of Contributing Factors and Impact of Renal Replacement Therapy

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Hyperlactatemia is a regular condition in the intensive care unit, which is often associated with adverse outcomes. Control of the triggering condition is the most effective treatment of hyperlactatemia, but since this is mostly not readily possible, extracorporeal renal replacement therapy (RRT) is often tried as a last resort. The present study aims to evaluate the factors that may contribute to the decision whether to start RRT or not and the potential impact of the start of RRT on the outcome in patients with severe lactic acidosis (SLA) (lactate ≥5 mmol/L). <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> We conducted a retrospective single-center cohort analysis over a 3-year period including all patients with a lactate level ≥5 mmol/L. Patients were considered as treated with RRT because of SLA if RRT was started within 24 h after reaching a lactate level ≥5 mmol/L. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Overall, 90-day mortality in patients with SLA was 34.5%. Of the 1,203 patients who matched inclusion/exclusion criteria, 11% (<i>n</i> = 133) were dialyzed within 24 h. The propensity to receive RRT was related to the lactate level and to the SOFA renal and cardio score. The most frequently used modality was continuous RRT. Patients who were started on RRT versus those who did not have 2.3 higher odds of mortality, even after adjustment for the propensity to start RRT. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Our analysis confirms the high mortality rate of patients with SLA. It adds that odds for mortality is even higher in patients who were started on RRT versus not. We suggest keeping an open mind to the factors that may influence the decision to start dialysis and bear in mind that without being a bridge to correction of the underlying condition, dialysis is unlikely to affect the outcome.