Growth and GH Treatment of Children Born Small for Gestational Age, Body Composition

1997 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Gh Treatment

scholarly journals Glucocorticoid receptor gene haplotypes are not associated with birth anthropometry, blood pressure, glucose and insulin concentrations, and body composition in subjects born small for gestational age

2010 ◽  
Vol 163 (6) ◽  
pp. 911-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Manenschijn ◽  
E L T van den Akker ◽  
W A Ester ◽  
R W J Leunissen ◽  
R H Willemsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Cardiovascular Disorders ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Gh Treatment ◽  
Functional Polymorphisms ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene

ObjectiveSmaller size at birth has been associated with an increased risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders in adult life. Fetal programing of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis has been suggested as a possible explanation. Fetal glucocorticoid (GC) overexposure has effects that suggest a role of GCs in this programing. The effects of GCs are mediated through the GC receptor (GR or NR3C1). Several functional polymorphisms have been described, which are associated with relative GC resistance or hypersensitivity. Our aim is to compare frequencies of GR haplotypes, characterized by the R23K, N363S, Bcl1, or 9β polymorphisms, in subjects born small for gestational age (SGA) and associate birth anthropometry data, response to GH treatment, blood pressure, glucose and insulin concentrations, and body composition with these haplotypes.DesignIn total, 418 SGA subjects and 697 healthy controls were enrolled in this study.MethodsAnthropometry data were obtained, as well as blood samples to determine fasting glucose and insulin concentrations. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scans were used to measure the amount of fat and lean mass.ResultsNo differences were found between GR haplotype frequencies in SGA children compared with healthy controls. No associations were found between GR haplotypes and birth length and birth weight, growth response during GH treatment, blood pressure, glucose and insulin concentrations, and body composition.ConclusionGR haplotypes and their effect on GC sensitivity do not seem to play a significant role in GH-induced catch-up growth and the risk factors of developing metabolic and cardiovascular disorders in adult life of SGA children.

scholarly journals Premature small for gestational age infants fed an exclusive human milk-based diet achieve catch-up growth without metabolic consequences at 2 years of age

2018 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. F242-F247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chonnikant Visuthranukul ◽  
Steven A Abrams ◽  
Keli M Hawthorne ◽  
Joseph L Hagan ◽  
Amy B Hair
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Insulin Level ◽  
Metabolic Outcomes ◽  
Catch Up

ObjectiveTo compare postdischarge growth, adiposity and metabolic outcomes of appropriate for gestational age (AGA) versus small for gestational age (SGA) premature infants fed an exclusive human milk (HM)-based diet in the neonatal intensive care unit.DesignPremature infants (birth weight ≤1250 g) fed an exclusive HM-based diet were examined at 12–15 months corrected gestational age (CGA) (visit 1) for anthropometrics, serum glucose and non-fasting insulin, and at 18–22 months CGA (visit 2) for body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.ResultsOf 51 children, 33 were AGA and 18 were SGA at birth. The SGA group had weight gain (g/day) equal to AGA group during the follow-up period. SGA had a significantly greater body mass index (BMI) z-score gain from visit 1 to visit 2 (0.25±1.10 vs −0.21±0.84, p=0.02) reflecting catch-up growth. There were no significant differences in total fat mass (FM) and trunk FM between groups. SGA had significantly lower insulin level (5.0±3.7 vs 17.3±15.1 µU/mL, p=0.02) and homeostatic model of assessment-insulin resistance (1.1±0.9 vs 4.3±4.1, p=0.02). Although regional trunk FM correlated with insulin levels in SGA (r=0.893, p=0.04), they had lower insulin level compared with AGA and no difference in adiposity.ConclusionsSGA premature infants who received an exclusive HM-based diet exhibited greater catch-up growth without increased adiposity or elevated insulin resistance compared with AGA at 2 years of age. An exclusive HM-based diet may improve long-term body composition and metabolic outcomes of premature infants with ≤1250 g birth weight, specifically SGA.

Catch-Up Growth in Children Born Small for Gestational Age Related to Body Composition and Metabolic Risk at Six Years of Age in the UK

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-127
Author(s):  
M. Loredana Marcovecchio ◽  
Samantha Gorman ◽  
Laura P.E. Watson ◽  
David B. Dunger ◽  
Kathryn Beardsall
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Uk

scholarly journals Metabolic implications of GH treatment in small for gestational age

2007 ◽  
Vol 157 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S47-S50 ◽  
Author(s):  
E M Delemarre ◽  
J Rotteveel ◽  
H A Delemarre-van de Waal
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Gh Treatment ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Igf I

Fetal growth retardation is associated with decreased postnatal growth, resulting in a lower adult height. In addition, a low birth weight is associated with an increased risk of developing diseases during adulthood, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases. Children with persistent postnatal growth retardation, i.e., incomplete catchup growth, can be treated with human GH. The GH/IGF-I axis is involved in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The question of whether treatment with GH in children born small for gestational age (SGA) has long-term implications with respect to glucose/insulin and lipid metabolism has not been answered yet. In this article, the available data are reviewed.

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