Light-weight Routing Protocol in IoT-based Inter-Device Telecommunication Wireless Environment

The primary task for IoT-based hyper-connectivity communications lies in the development of direct communications technique among IoT devices in RPL (Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks) environment without the aid from infras such as access points, base stations etc. In a low-power and lossy wireless network, IoT devices and routers cannot keep the original path toward the destination since they have the limited memory, except for a limited number of the default router information.. Different from the previous light-weight routing protocols focusing on the reduction of the control messages, the proposed scheme provides the light-weight IPv6 address auto-configuration, IPv6 neighbor discovery and routing protocol in a IoT capable infra-less wireless networks with the bloom filer and enhanced rank concepts. And for the first time we evaluate our proposed scheme based on the modeling of various probability distributions in the IoT environments with the lossy wireless link. Specifically, the proposed enhanced RPL based light-weight routing protocol improves the robustness with the multi-paths locally established based on the enhanced rank concepts even though lossy wireless links are existed. We showed the improvements of the proposed scheme up to 40% than the RPL based protocol.

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Routing Protocols for Low Power and Lossy Networks in Internet of Things Applications

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19092144 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (9) ◽

pp. 2144 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

José V. V. Sobral ◽

Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues ◽

Ricardo A. L. Rabêlo ◽

Jalal Al-Muhtadi ◽

Valery Korotaev

Keyword(s):

Internet Of Things ◽

Low Power ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Routing Protocols ◽

Data Exchange ◽

Survey Study ◽

The Internet ◽

Lossy Networks ◽

Weak Support ◽

Iot Devices

The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and its applications has taken the attention of several researchers. In an effort to provide interoperability and IPv6 support for the IoT devices, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proposed the 6LoWPAN stack. However, the particularities and hardware limitations of networks associated with IoT devices lead to several challenges, mainly for routing protocols. On its stack proposal, IETF standardizes the RPL (IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks) as the routing protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks (LLNs). RPL is a tree-based proactive routing protocol that creates acyclic graphs among the nodes to allow data exchange. Although widely considered and used by current applications, different recent studies have shown its limitations and drawbacks. Among these, it is possible to highlight the weak support of mobility and P2P traffic, restrictions for multicast transmissions, and lousy adaption for dynamic throughput. Motivated by the presented issues, several new solutions have emerged during recent years. The approaches range from the consideration of different routing metrics to an entirely new solution inspired by other routing protocols. In this context, this work aims to present an extensive survey study about routing solutions for IoT/LLN, not limited to RPL enhancements. In the course of the paper, the routing requirements of LLNs, the initial protocols, and the most recent approaches are presented. The IoT routing enhancements are divided according to its main objectives and then studied individually to point out its most important strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, as the main contribution, this study presents a comprehensive discussion about the considered approaches, identifying the still remaining open issues and suggesting future directions to be recognized by new proposals.

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A Trust-Aware RPL Routing Protocol to Detect Blackhole and Selective Forwarding Attacks

Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy ◽

10.18080/jtde.v5n1.88 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 50-69 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

David Airehrour ◽

Jairo A. Gutierrez ◽

Sayan Kumar Ray

Keyword(s):

Low Power ◽

Medical Devices ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Connected Vehicles ◽

Security Attacks ◽

Lossy Networks ◽

Routing Attacks ◽

Priority List ◽

Selective Forwarding ◽

Iot Devices

This research addresses blackhole and selective forwarding routing attacks, which are fundamental security attacks on the routing of data in IoT networks. Most IoT devices today, from medical devices to connected vehicles and even smart buildings, have the capability of communicating wirelessly with one another. Although, consumers are progressively embracing the concept of connected devices, recent studies indicate that security is not high on the priority list of manufacturers especially in the way these IoT devices route and communicate data amongst themselves. Thus, it leaves the door wide open to attacks and compromises. In this study, a trust-based routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks addressing blackhole and selective forwarding attacks is proposed. We show that our proposed protocol is not only secure from blackhole and selective forwarding attacks, but also does not impose undue overheads on network traffic.

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A Trust-Aware RPL Routing Protocol to Detect Blackhole and Selective Forwarding Attacks

Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy ◽

10.18080/ajtde.v5n1.88 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 50 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

David Airehrour ◽

Jairo A. Gutierrez ◽

Sayan Kumar Ray

Keyword(s):

Low Power ◽

Medical Devices ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Connected Vehicles ◽

Security Attacks ◽

Lossy Networks ◽

Routing Attacks ◽

Priority List ◽

Selective Forwarding ◽

Iot Devices

This research addresses blackhole and selective forwarding routing attacks, which are fundamental security attacks on the routing of data in IoT networks. Most IoT devices today, from medical devices to connected vehicles and even smart buildings, have the capability of communicating wirelessly with one another. Although, consumers are progressively embracing the concept of connected devices, recent studies indicate that security is not high on the priority list of manufacturers especially in the way these IoT devices route and communicate data amongst themselves. Thus, it leaves the door wide open to attacks and compromises. In this study, a trust-based routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks addressing blackhole and selective forwarding attacks is proposed. We show that our proposed protocol is not only secure from blackhole and selective forwarding attacks, but also does not impose undue overheads on network traffic.

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Mitigation of black hole attacks in Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks

Security and Communication Networks ◽

10.1002/sec.1684 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (18) ◽

pp. 5143-5154 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Firoz Ahmed ◽

Young-Bae Ko

Keyword(s):

Black Hole ◽

Low Power ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Lossy Networks

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An Ant Colony-based Mesh Routing Protocol for Maximizing Low Power and Lossy Networks Lifetime

Proceedings of the 16th ACM International Symposium on Mobility Management and Wireless Access - MobiWac'18 ◽

10.1145/3265863.3265868 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vinicius F. Marques ◽

Janine Kniess ◽

Rafael Stubs Parpinelli

Keyword(s):

Low Power ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Ant Colony ◽

Lossy Networks

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Performance Analysis of Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) in Large Scale Networks

IEEE Internet of Things Journal ◽

10.1109/jiot.2017.2755980 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (6) ◽

pp. 2172-2185 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Xiyuan Liu ◽

Zhengguo Sheng ◽

Changchuan Yin ◽

Falah Ali ◽

Daniel Roggen

Keyword(s):

Performance Analysis ◽

Low Power ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Large Scale ◽

Lossy Networks ◽

Large Scale Networks

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Ranking based RPL for Multipoint-to-Point Multi-modal Data Communication in IoT Network.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-742884/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Archana Bhat ◽

Geetha V

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Low Power ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Data Communication ◽

Sensor Data ◽

Delivery Ratio ◽

Lossy Networks ◽

Modal Data ◽

Scheduling Strategy ◽

Scalar Data

Abstract IPv6 Routing Protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL) is a standardized and default routing protocol for low power lossy networks. However, this is basically designed for sensor networks with scalar data and not optimised for the networks with multi-modal sensors. The data rate of each multi-modal sensor varies based on various applications. RPL suffers from packet drops and re-transmissions which results in packet loss and energy consumption in case of multi-modal data transmission. Hence, the routing strategy implemented in RPL needs better scheduling strategy at parent node for forwarding packets based on various parameters. In this paper, relevant Objective Functions for multi-modal sensor data communication is proposed based on various parameters identified and a weighted ranking based scheduling strategy is proposed for multi-modal data communication called R-RPL. The goal of proposed ranking based RPL (R-RPL) is to increase the throughput and reduce the loss in terms of energy and delay based on proposed scheduling strategy for parent selection. The performance of the proposed R-RPL is evaluated in the contiki based Cooja simulator and compared with RPL protocol. The analysis shows that the R-RPL performs better compared to RPL with respect to packet delivery ratio and energy consumption.

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Energy Efficient Composite Metric Based Routing Protocol for Internet of Things

JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science ◽

10.3897/jucs.2020.072 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (11) ◽

pp. 1366-1381

Author(s):

Sathishkumar Natesan ◽

Rajakumar Krishnan

Keyword(s):

Internet Of Things ◽

Low Power ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Link Quality ◽

Traffic Load ◽

Delivery Ratio ◽

Lossy Networks ◽

Hop Count ◽

Battery Discharge

The Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is operated by gadgets comprised of many devices of embedded type with limited energy, memory as well as resources that do their process. The improvements in the life of the network and energy conservation are the key challenging features in Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLN). Obviously, the LLN has a key strategic part in routing. The Internet of Things (IoT) device is expected to make the apt choice. In LLN, the poor routing choice leads to traffic congestion, reduction in power as well as packet loss ratio. The task in the proposal analyzes Delay (D), Load (L) and Battery Discharge Index (BDI) pivoted Energy Efficient Composite Metric Routing (EECMR) protocol for LLN. The performance of the work in the proposal is evaluated by the COOJA simulator. It outperforms with respect to Network Lifetime (NL), Delay as well as Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) contrasted to the routing metrics like Traffic Load (TL), Link Quality (LQ), Residual Energy (RE), RE-Battery Discharge Index (RE-BDI) and Hop Count (HC).

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Reinforcement-Learning-Based IDS for 6LoWPAN

10.36227/techrxiv.16645000 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Aryan Mohammadi Pasikhani ◽

Andrew John Clark ◽

Prosanta Gope

Keyword(s):

Reinforcement Learning ◽

Low Power ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Personal Area Networks ◽

Wireless Personal Area Networks ◽

Resource Constrained ◽

Lossy Networks ◽

Constrained Environments ◽

Operational Component

The Routing Protocol for low power Lossy networks (RPL) is a critical operational component of low power wireless personal area networks using IPv6 (6LoWPANs). In this paper we propose a Reinforcement Learning (RL) based IDS to detect various attacks on RPL in 6LoWPANs, including several unaddressed by current research. The proposed scheme can also detect previously unseen attacks and the presence of mobile intruders. The scheme is well suited to the resource constrained environments of our target networks.

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